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Iraqi federal court 'commits' parliament to pass law forming Federal Council By Rudaw 18 hours ago 477Views A federal court building in Baghdad. Photo: GoI ERBIL, Kurdistan Region – Iraq’s Supreme Court decided on Wednesday to establish a Federal Council, a move a Kurdish lawmaker in the Iraqi parliament described as "very important" for protecting Iraq’s federalism. The council will act as an observer over laws that are passed by parliament, MP Zana Rostayi said. "Iraq is a federal state but the federalism of this state is not complete because it does not have a Federal Council. If this council exists, there will be a filter for laws. Often, some laws are passed in the legislature which need review and it requires a party to review them and return them to the parliament," said Rostayi,a member of the Kurdistan Islamic Group (Komal). "This law protects the interests of provinces and regions, therefore we in the legal committee welcome this decision by the Federal Court and we will do what falls upon us to include this law on the agenda for voting,” he added. Rostayi called on the parliament and political parties to pass the law in order to “complete” Iraq’s law-making authority. The ruling “commits” the Iraqi parliament to work with related parties to pass a law to form the Federal Council in light of Articles 65 and 37 of the constitution that stipulate the legislative branch consists of the parliament and Federal Council, and that the members of the Federal Council are from the regions and the provinces that are not part of any region. The Kurdistan Region is the only region in Iraq that consists of four provinces, while the rest of the Iraqi provinces are officially called “provinces not incorporated in a region,” and therefore need to be represented in the Federal Council. Former Kurdistan Region President Masoud Barzani expressed in July 2017 that the failure to form the Federal Council whose mission should have been to regulate between Baghdad and the regional government is an attempt to isolate the Kurdish government on a diplomatic level. The ruling also points to the constitution that stipulates the law for the Federal Council must be passed with two-thirds of the votes in the parliament. Most Kurdish politicians agree laws and especially the Iraqi constitution need to be better mutually understood, implemented and differences between Erbil and Baghdad settled. An Iraqi federal court has acted as the country's de facto supreme court, despite Article 92 of the constitution calling for the establishment of a "Federal Supreme Court" that is "an independent judicial body financially and administratively" — a court that has never been created. Article 92 specifically dictates that "the work of the court shall be determined by a law enacted by a two-thirds majority" of parliament. Foremost, the Federal Supreme Court should be "overseeing the constitutionality of laws and regulations" and "settling disputes that arise between the federal government and the government of the regions and governorates, municipalities, and local administrations." Additionally, Article 93 states the court should settle accusations directed against "the President, the Prime Minister and the Minister." Both Erbil and Baghdad claim the other has violated the constitution multiple times. However, the KRG maintains that the failure of the establishment of Iraq's Federal Supreme Court — as outlined in the 2005 constitution — makes the Shiite-controlled government have too much influence over the judiciary, such was the case when a federal court in Baghdad issued a series of rulings after the Kurdistan Region's September 25 independence referendum. The KRG has said it "respects" the ruling of the federal court. KRG Prime Minister Nechirvan Barzani has called for the Iraqi constitution to be “implemented in its entirety” and to do this there needs to be a “third party.” Iraqi Prime Minister Haider al-Abadi has rejected all offers of international mediation, calling the Erbil-Baghdad stalemate an internal Iraqi issue. http://www.rudaw.net/mobile/english/middleeast/iraq/18012018

Who's Bravo 11 ??? Bravo 11 posted frequently many moons ago. I always looked forward to reading his post as I do presently with so may knowledgeable members out there such as yourself, Master Yota, Chuck, Synopsis, LGD, Buti, SW Florida Guy...don't know where to stop.What a tremendous group we have here that shares their insights and with everyone. Later on Bravo 11, I believe, posted as 11 Ovarb. A very articulate individual who posted very well thought out comments. YJ

CNN. Broadcasting While Trying To Order Stuff On Amazon With The Credit Card Number Below From ‘Customer Name’ ! CREDIT BANK OF IRAQ: With Automated Teller Machines (ATMs) you have access to your funds from many convenient locations across Iraq and all over the world 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. DELTA

Above the ankle won.

CNN = C rap News Network . How do you like me now ?

Cryptocurrencies are newsworthy news items with both positive and negative views aired in mainstream and digital news. However we are yet to see direct marketing in commercials, but it will come I am sure.

Minimize the power & size of the Federal Gov. Give the power back to the states & the people..................I know crazy talk

Yep...Dems are going to try and make this into the next Monica. Neither side wants to do the work of the people....and that's what the MSM should be reporting....DAILY!!!!! TERM LIMITS!!! FLAT TAX!!!! Get rid of the Gestapo IRS!!!!!

It seems the neggersons are not happy with my assessment. They even popped you.....probably for being civil to me. GO RV, then BV

Man, they love to postpone everything... except holidays...

My Fav GIF 101

Ohhhhh the agony, passing the tradition of logging on dinar sights several times a day to your children. I hope it ends soon. I'd rather just pass the money to them. After I spend some anyway:)

With the way crypto is taking over the world and astute buying and selling retirement could be closer than you all have planned..

I think I've got a fever.....

We're tracking the president's progress on his agenda and how it is received by the American public and the wider world. And there are interesting - and surprising - comparisons with some of his predecessors. How are his approval ratings? Donald Trump is one of the most unpopular presidents in the modern era. His weekly approval rating is languishing at 39% after 12 months in office, according to Gallup. Presidents Barack Obama (50%), Bill Clinton (54%) and George W Bush (83%) were way higher at this point. His average over the year is also 39%, which is the lowest recorded of any elected president in his first term. Clinton had the previous lowest at 49%. Even Gerald Ford was in the high 40s after 12 months in office, according to Gallup, following his politically radioactive pardon of predecessor Richard Nixon for the Watergate scandal. When Mr Trump assumed office on 20 January he had the lowest approval rating of any incoming president. He won the election with anaemic numbers, so it's unsurprising they're still poor. What may alarm the White House is some opinion polls indicate support is slipping for Mr Trump among his core voters, including white men without a college degree and rural Americans. If his ratings continue to feel gravity's pull, expect anxious conversations in the Republican ranks as Congress gears up for the November 2018 mid-terms. And what about overseas? The image of US leadership has fallen since Mr Trump took office, according to Gallup, falling 18% points since Barack Obama left office. It's also four points below Gallup's previous lowest point which was under George W Bush - 34%. Has Trump moved to cut illegal immigration? Building a border wall paid for by Mexico was President Trump's signature issue during the election campaign but it is no nearer to happening. There are prototypes built but the Democrats have refused to approve a penny towards it and Mexico's leaders say they will never pay. Six things that could topple Trump's border wall President Trump continues to press Congress to change US immigration laws, including ending the visa lottery system and "chain migration" that gives priority to relatives of existing legal US residents. In the meantime, he has signed two executive memos that instruct immigration officers to take a much tougher approach towards enforcing existing measures. In October, the Trump administration announced it was ending the Obama-era Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (Daca) programme, which granted normalised residency status to roughly 700,000 undocumented immigrants who entered the US when they were young. The White House and Congress have attempted to negotiate a means to enact legislation providing similar protections, but no final agreement has been reached. Immigration enforcement - and President Trump's tough rhetoric - may have led to a drop in the number of people trying to cross illegally into the US in the early months of the new administration, but the numbers rebounded in 2017. The new president's talk of a crackdown on illegal immigrants makes it sound as if they had an easy ride under President Obama, but he was labelled deporter-in-chief for a reason. Between 2009-15, the Obama administration deported more than 2.5 million people - most of whom had been convicted of some form of criminal offence or were recent arrivals. But an estimated 11 million undocumented immigrants still live in the US, many from Mexico. The Immigration and Customs Enforcement agency has launched a series of raids across the country since Mr Trump was elected - a change from the Obama administration's focus on areas along the US border - leading to a 40% monthly increase over the latter part of the previous administration. That hasn't led to more deportations yet, however. Instead, there is now a backlog of more than 600,000 cases awaiting final review by immigration judges. How is the economy faring under Trump? During the campaign, Mr Trump vowed to create 25 million jobs over 10 years and become "the greatest jobs president... ever". He used to claim the actual unemployment rate was more than 40%. Now he's America's CEO, he's embracing the same jobless figures he once dismissed as "phony". The basic trajectory of the economy under President Trump remains the same as it was under President Obama. The jobless rate hit a 17-year low of 4.1% in October and has remained there, putting the labour market at or close to so-called full employment after 81 consecutive months of growth. Stock markets have hit record highs, oil prices remain low, consumer and small-business confidence is buoyant, and inflation is under control. Retail sales has begun to pick up, although auto sales declined in 2017. Wage growth remains sluggish. The White House has set a growth target of 3%, which the US surpassed in the second and third quarters of 2017, marking 42 straight months of economic expansion. And Republicans hope that their tax cuts will help boost growth, although experts argue about whether history provides evidence that one follows the other. Latest news on the US economy What bills has Trump signed into law or passed on his own? "We have signed more legislation than anybody. We broke the record of Harry Truman," Mr Trump said in late December. The president has signed off 107 bills during his first year in office, trailing his three most recent predecessors in totals, according to the nonpartisan website GovTrack, which tracks bills in US Congress. Mr Trump falls behind George W Bush (118) and Barack Obama (124), but he did manage to pass the most sweeping overhaul of the US tax system in more than three decades before the year's end. The president has also claimed he has passed more legislation than any president since Harry Truman, which was only correct during his first 100 days in office. He has since fallen behind previous administrations, GovTrack found. More than 30 pieces of legislation signed into law by the president appear to be modifications or extensions to existing law, an analysis by National Public Radio shows. A dozen bills focused on honouring people or organisations, including renaming a building in Nashville and appointing individuals to a museum board, the analysis found. The president also exercises political power through unilateral executive orders and memoranda, which allow him to bypass the legislative process in Congress in certain policy areas. He wasted little time in using this tool, moving to withdraw from the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) trade deal, cut business regulations and push ahead with the construction of two controversial pipelines. But executive orders are limited in their power, because they cannot assign those agencies new funds or introduce new laws. Both of those powers are held by Congress. One thing that didn't go well - healthcare Healthcare was always going to be an early test for President Trump after he made it a centrepiece of his election campaign. President Obama's Affordable Care Act helped more than 20 million previously uninsured Americans to finally get health cover, but it has suffered from rising premiums and Mr Trump said he would "immediately repeal and replace" it. The House Republican bill eventually passed despite a damning assessment from the Congressional Budget Office (CBO), a nonpartisan federal agency, which said it would result in 24 million more uninsured Americans by 2026. But the Senate failed to bring its own controversial version to a vote, citing a lack of support. It marked an embarrassing episode for President Trump and the Republican Party, which controls the presidency and both chambers of Congress for the first time in 11 years. But Mr Trump has moved to upend his predecessor's signature law in other ways. He suspended payments to insurance companies that help them offset the cost of insuring poorer, sicker Americans. The administration also cut funding to encourage Americans to sign up on the government-run health exchanges while Congressional Republicans stuck a provision in the tax bill that removed the individual mandate, the requirement that all Americans buy health insurance or face a fine. Many viewed the mandate as the key to ensuring the law could work. Repealing the mandate could prompt healthier Americans to skip insurance, driving up premiums for sicker customers. The CBO estimates the number of uninsured Americans could increase by 13 million by 2027 while premiums on the individual market could rise 10% a year over the next decade. But until the mandate is official removed in January 2019, it remains unclear whether it will roil the insurance markets Some good, some bad, certainly not the greatest ever. B/A

Luigi says.... Warring...take this OOM tweet as a rumor. This may be a FAKE OOM...This is not his writing style. Once more...OOM never tweets. Not verified. Your opine. -OOM TWEET- (RED ALTERT (DEFCON-2) 12 JAN 2018 OOM I AM NOT PERMITTED TO STATE DETAILS BUT WE ARE ON RED- ALERT- (DEFCON-2) - WILL ELABORATE WHEN PERMITTED. # TIMES UP #ABOMB # SPEAKPROJECT # I AM YOU @ UST @Kre8change

https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-iraq-kurds/baghdad-reports-atmosphere-of-trust-in-talks-with-kurdistan-region-idUSKBN1F425K Hey Shabbs stop watching so much MSNBC and throw us an article about Iraq every now and then. It’s easy to do, i’ll even show you how to find something halfway useful to the DinarVets Rumor Board. Oh my, it just occurred to me that you are lost. You think you are on the Bash Trump and everything that’s not Liberal message board. No wonder you are such a broken record.

Hmmmmm.................Shabs YOUR, Shabs, "starry eyed hypnotic Trump trance is showing" and YOU, Shabs, wonder why people repeat the same things to YOUR, Shabs, posts???!!! Socialist Liberal Leftists.

I was thinking more in lines of Lancelot Link

Don't u think that's what the Liberals are trying to do.....drag on each scandal for as long as they can. If they keep it in the MSM which of course is a fore gone conclusion, the more distracted their voting base is. Lord knows it doesn't take much to distract sheep-lol

LOL I SAW THAT!!! You Scum Bag!!!!! I should get a bunch of greenies for that

We may not all agree on things but one thing is for certain......the last 9 years of upward market movement has been fantastic. GO RV, then BV

I agree somewhat on Wallace.....not at all on Smith....but hey to each their own. I am really trying to think of some one that I can trust

Thanks YukonJohn. Miss SW Florida Guy.

I agree....little facts are put forth just bias trash

You know caz, I don't like what I see on any of the media. Cable news is really just talk radio with pictures... There is no journalism just shouting... B/A

Uhhhh Shabs, Don Lemon, Rachel Madcow, Chris Matthews aint above talking down to folks

TC show is the only one I watch....when I watch Fox...which aint much. ALL of MSM is bias driven....which sickens me to no end. His show does allow for something different than the normal 24/7 Trump bashing everywhere else.....so I guess that's a positive. There is so much news available...so to see majority of MSM spend its entire timeslots on TRUMP beat down day #......is a major disservice to us the public.

Why? Because Bannon struck a deal to save his own... Well you know. B/A

Then let's begin by arresting the big "M" and start rebuilding the country, not really going to happen until you do.

After 1 year of constant negative coverage by the MSM, I think CNN was a little surprised in the answers given by cross-over Democrat Trump voters. When you live in an "echo chamber", why would you think otherwise? Indy

This is disgusting. Has he seen his wife? Some guys just can't be happy... B/A

Thanks for sharing your Shabs.....and though your continued infatuation with me is precious, I'm happily married to Mrs. Shabs. GO RV, then BV

Abadi from Karbala: We must achieve unity in work, construction and reconstruction and fight corruption Since 2018-01-19 at 15:37 (Baghdad time) Karbala - Mawazine News Prime Minister Haider al-Abadi said on Friday that all Iraqis should achieve unity in work, construction, reconstruction and fighting corruption, while corruption and terrorism both threaten to destroy the country. "I bless the Iraqis from the land of martyrdom and sacrifice victories this march blessed by the courageous fatwa that was launched to invite the sons of Iraq to liberate the land of Iraq from terrorism, convoys and shed blood to defend the homeland," said Abbadi during the celebration of the establishment of the holy sites Husseiniya and Abbasid in Karbala, . "It is not permissible for us to lose our victory by our division. It is not permissible to fight. This disagreement, which some want is unacceptable," he said, adding that "we must achieve unity for work, construction, reconstruction and fighting corruption." "Corruption and terrorism, twins, both destroy the country," Ebadi said. This was met by the Prime Minister, Haider Abadi, Friday, the Under-Secretary of the Supreme Religious Mr. Ahmed net

The highlighted quote, though tweaked to fit the sentence structure, was pilfered from none other than one Donald J. Trump, as spoken at the beginning of the attached video......but you already knew they were his words, didn't you? GO RV, then BV

US analysis: Will Iran really control the Middle East? Twilight News 3 hours ago [Asharq Al-Awsat] Can Iran control the Middle East? Does it really have the military and financial capabilities to govern the Arab world, which suffers from economic problems and demonstrations, and possesses old weapons, most of which dates back to Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi? Is American obsession with Iran really justified? Why should the United States play the role of a counterbalance to the game of power in the region? These questions were the focus of an article in Foreign Policy magazine by Stephen M. Walt, Professor of International Relations at Harvard University, criticizing Donald Trump's strategy in Iran, which is based on stopping Iran's influence in the region. Defense James Matisse and United States Ambassador to the United Nations Nicky Healy, on Iran's activities. "Trump and his team of supporters have adopted the idea that Iran is a hegemonic power that wants to dominate the Middle East, especially the rich Gulf states, which explains the firm support of Saudi Arabia, including the (tactical and clear) endorsement of Crown Prince Mohammed Bin Salman, of procedures at home, and his attempts to interfere in the internal affairs of Lebanon, Trump refused to ratify the nuclear agreement in October. "Iran is not on its way to becoming a regional power, and officials are embracing this dangerous hysterical idea," Walt said in his article. "The US rhetoric on offensive foreign policy is more than the real challenge posed by Iran." The professor offers a comparison between Iran's military capabilities and its neighbors and the demographic and sectarian differences that stand in the face of Iran's attempts to take full control of the region. Iran has a population of 85 million, an annual national income of $ 400 billion, military expenditures of $ 16 billion and its military capabilities, including the Revolutionary Guard, no more than 520,000 soldiers, some of whom have received only poor training, Pointing out that the tanks and most of its military arsenal back to the era of the Shah, which is in poor condition. "Iran's traditional military capabilities are very limited and depend on old-fashioned low-quality weapons ... and its forces are not organized to show serious military strength in the Gulf region," the magazine quoted veteran military analyst Anthony Cordesman as saying in 2010. Walt pointed out that the population of Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Israel, Jordan and the UAE is more than 100 million people, with an annual income of up to one trillion dollars. The total military expenditures are five times the military expenditures of Iran, pointing out that these countries have money to buy Abrams tanks, The writer states that Israel is a nuclear state, indicating that if these countries were attacked by Iran, it will find support from the United States to defend itself. "Opponents of the Islamic Republic may argue that the problem is not in these facts, but in Tehran's reliance on proxy groups," Walt said. The author admits that in previous years, Iran has supported local forces, including Hezbollah, the regime of Syrian President Bashar al-Assad, the Iraqi militias and the Houthis in Yemen, giving it influence in the region. "But let's not forget the terrible mistakes of US President George W. Bush, who overthrew Iraqi President Saddam Hussein, who gave Iran the power to influence," Walt said. But the author believes that the Islamic regime is incapable of hegemony for several reasons. "Local groups do not fully comply with Iran's orders, and may deviate from Iranian politics when they run counter to its agenda. Hence, the talk of some, like Henry Kissinger, about a new Persian empire has no meaning for him". "In contrast, Iran's allies in the region have suffered setbacks that have made Tehran spend a lot on arms, emptied its funds to support efforts, and Assad's victory remains empty because he governs a destructive country. Tactical agreement between Israel and the Gulf states against Tehran. " "The sectarian factor is important in reducing the ability of Iran to lead the region, it is a Shiite state wants to rule the region of the majority of the population of the Sunnis, in addition to that Iran is a Persian state, and will not find support from the Arabs or any Arab country to control the region" . "Iran, which for the last two decades has suffered from economic sanctions, cyberwarring, external financing of its hostile groups, and threats from the conservative right, who in 2003 and after the overthrow of Saddam Hussein asserted that the mullahs in Tehran are the next target, Iran has done everything possible to thwart this goal, and have we expected the silence of Iran and the most powerful nation in the world preparing to overthrow its regime? " "Under this logic and imaginary threat, Trump must return to the traditional role that the United States has played in the region as a balance of power, rather than giving Saudi Arabia and Israel an open instrument to confront imaginary Iranian hegemony. Rather, Washington must seek to find More balanced relations with all countries in the region, including Iran. " Walt shows that a balanced approach will lead to cooperation on issues of interest to Americans and Iranians such as Afghanistan. "A good relations perspective with the United States will provide incentives for Tehran to change its positions," he said. "Previous US attempts to isolate the mullahs led them to play the role of a saboteur with some success." "Such an approach will push US allies in the region to think hard and not rely on American support as a fait accompli, but will encourage them to make efforts to appease it," he concluded. arabi21 Keywords:

It never ends

There's a serial neg-er out there. Neg'd everyone that disagreed with them and verbalized an opposing point of view. Thats their right but it so unlike luigi.

Gee Umbert! Apparently your gloom and doom does not get a whole lot of traction. ahh well you know the old saying opinions are like Shabs, everybody has one!

Indy

I believe you all would find the DV section on CryptoCurrency/Bockchain to be of some interest. I will add that this asset base has just under gone a large correction. But in fairness, bitcoin, which is the equivalent to the currency reserve for the cryptocurrency world, has experienced 6 events since 2016 where there has been a downward move of 25% of more. Of course January 1st it was about $1000........today about $12000.........and has been as high as $19000.............Have you had any investments in the past year where $1000 has become $12,000? And that's just the tip of the ice berg.... You might learn alot at the link below about valuations if you have the time or interest: https://coinmarketcap.com/all/views/all/ In early January a group in DV started discussing the prospects. About the middle of February Ethereum was identified as a possibility...(of course all of this banter is recorded in the threads) At that time the price was about $9 Bucks............today it is about $1050.00....and it is down from the highs....... Next came NEO....in April........about 20 cents............today.......About $120.00 ...down from its high....... There are about 2 dozen others that could be discussed......but perhaps the point has been made. These are real numbers and many dozens who hang out in the crypto section will confirm them. The best part is "how to" threads are prevelent there......as is the help you get from others in the section..... BA is smart in his investment style.......when you can, you pull that seed money out, and then you're playing with house money.....even better yet, take some of those profits and invest them in safe haven gold or silver...........Companies such as AMPEX accept bitcoin as payment for Gold and Silver. HeavyDuty is also right..........just like the dotcom bubble and the housing bubble burst.......this one will as well. Those ran for years........and if you just look at market cap, the blockchain/cryptocurrency movement, is in the early stages......JMO My thoughts come from experience, not the media. Hope this helps.

My friend and I were just talking about keeping some dry gunpowder for just those types of events. So we don’t have to unload other positions to buy different coins

Exactly Bri, this one experience showed me that it would be advisable to hold some of what I wish to put into cryptos and wait for the inevitable downturn.

Thank You, Half Crazy Runner, AND The Best Of Your Day To You! Yeah, I am just trying to "interpret" what they are saying and "anticipate" what that may all mean for us so I have to keep considering I may not be reading everything the way it will turn out hence the "disclaimer". I agree, things are sure Lookin' Good, though! I suspect we are fast approaching the point of no return or bust here. I am pretty sure a lot of international and local powerful folks won't let the "bust" happen. Apparently, the Israeli Mossad was given the "Green Light" to liquidate Qassem Soleimani. Pretty sure the other IMIS, IRGC, and all the other Iranian subversives will get the hint after that - or really should get the hint (next up - T Rex AND Mad Dog Mattis!!!). Yep, Qassem Soleimani should have opened the CIA note and heeded the "encouragement". Maybe Baghdaddi and Soleimani will get the "liquidation" announcement about the same time. Now THAT would be some really Good News! Go Moola Nova!

Says the person exercising Cognitive Dissonance and Transference Neurosis all day every day reading "Fire And Fury" in bed while consuming a McDouble wrapped in their nice warm blankie thinking then telling everyone that is what smart people do. Yeah, right, Shabs. Socialist Liberal Leftists - in their fixated hypnotic trance fully engaged in their battle to the end to circumvent cogent reason AND to destroy The Constitution That Contains The Ratified Articles Of The Bill Of Rights Of These United (non Socialist Liberal Leftist) States Of America.

I am all in too. Been 15 long years, just pass it along to my kids.

Central Bank: Dealers in the currency will be subject to the provisions of the Money Laundering Law Logo of the Central Bank of Iraq Economy News Baghdad: The Central Bank Information Director, Acer Jabbar, said Sunday that Iraq does not deal with the currency of Bettquin, threatening traders subject to the provisions of the law on money laundering. Jabbar said in an interview with Al-Iktissad News that "the currency of Al-Betkween is a virtual electronic currency that is traded on the Internet only without a physical presence and is used for purchases through the Internet and supports payment using the cards Altekwin or converted to traditional currencies in some cases." The Director of Information Central Bank, "This currency involves several risks may result from circulation, especially with regard to electronic piracy and fraud, although there is no vogue within Iraq." Views 566 Date Added 03/12/2017

Oh Really Ok I hope he washes his hands after leaving for your sake and ours because I won't be shaking anything but me at the urinal. Now this could be a another meaningless REAL RUMOR

Stormy Daniels Interview From 6 Years Ago. https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2018/01/the-tabloid-intouch-offers-us-a-peek-at-the-presidents-literal-and-figurative-nakedness.html?wpsrc=sh_all_dt_tw_ru GO RV, then BV