ONE BIG DIFFERENCE BETWEEN JEWS AND MUSLIMS

[Hashim1968]

Sounds like some one is having an emotional out burst. Every race and religion has contributed something to the human family it just depends on who's telling

the (his) story.

Peace be unto you

This is the history of how Saudi Arabia betrayed the Caliphate and the Palestinian people.

The British Mandate for Palestine, also known as the Palestine Mandate and the British Mandate of Palestine, was a legal commission for the administration of Palestine, the draft of which was formally confirmed by the Council of the League of Nations on 24 July 1922 and which came into effect on 26 September 1923.[1] The document was based on the principles contained in Article 22 of the draft Covenant of the League of Nations and the San Remo Resolution of 25 April 1920 by the principal Allied and associated powers after the First World War.[1] The mandate formalised British rule in the Southern part of Ottoman Syria from 1923–1948. With the League of Nations' consent on 16 September 1922, the UK divided the Mandate territory into two administrative areas, Palestine, under direct British rule, and autonomous Transjordan, under the rule of the Hashemite family from Hijaz Saudi Arabia, in accordance with the McMahon Pledge of 1915.[1] Transjordan was exempt from the Mandate provisions concerning the Jewish National Home.[1][2] The preamble of the mandate declared:

Whereas the Principal Allied Powers have also agreed that the Mandatory should be responsible for putting into effect the declaration originally made on November 2nd, 1917, by the Government of His Britannic Majesty, and adopted by the said Powers, in favour of the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people, it being clearly understood that nothing should be done which might prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine, or the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in any other country.[3]

The formal objective of the League of Nations Mandate system was to administer parts of the defunct Ottoman Empire, which had been in control of the Middle East since the 16th century, "until such time as they are able to stand alone."[4]

Contents

[hide]

* 1 Background

o 1.1 Strategy against the Ottoman Empire

o 1.2 World War I in the Middle East

o 1.3 After the War

* 2 The Mandate

o 2.1 Practical and legal basis

o 2.2 Transjordan (Article 25)

o 2.3 Religious and communal issues

o 2.4 Demarcation of borders

o 2.5 Drafting of the mandate

o 2.6 League of Nations ratification

o 2.7 US legal rights in Palestine

* 3 The Jewish national home

* 4 Palestine under the Mandate

o 4.1 From military to civil administration

o 4.2 Legal status of the Mandate

o 4.3 Arab political rights

o 4.4 The Jewish Yishuv

o 4.5 Infrastructure and development

o 4.6 Palestinian Arab leadership

* 5 United Nations partition plan

* 6 Termination of the Mandate

* 7 See also

* 8 References

* 9 Bibliography

* 10 Further reading

* 11 External links

* 12 Primary sources

[edit] Background

[edit] Strategy against the Ottoman Empire

Zones of French and British influence and control proposed in the Sykes-Picot Agreement

When the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers in the First World War in April 1915, it threatened Britain's communications with India via the Suez Canal, besides other strategic interests of the allies. The conquest of Palestine was thus part of an articulated strategy by Britain's military and political leadership aimed at establishing a land bridge between the Mediterranean and the Persian Gulf. This would enable rapid deployment of troops to the Gulf, then the forward line of defense for British interests in India, and protect against invasion from the north by Russia. A land bridge was also an alternative to the Suez Canal.[5]

In response to French initiatives, the United Kingdom established the De Bunsen Committee in 1915 to consider the nature of British objectives in Turkey and Asia in the event of a successful conclusion of the war. The committee considered various scenarios and provided guidelines for negotiations with France, Italy, and Russia regarding the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire. The Committee recommended in favour of the creation of a decentralised and federal Ottoman state in Asia.[6]

At the same time, the British and French also opened overseas fronts with the Gallipoli (1915) and Mesopotamian campaigns. In Gallipoli, the Turks successfully repelled the British, French and Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZACs).

In 1916, Britain and France concluded the Sykes–Picot Agreement, which proposed to divide the Middle East between them into spheres of influence, with "Palestine" as an international enclave. (Pappé 1994, p. 3)

The British made two potentially conflicting promises regarding the territory it was expecting to acquire.[7] Britain had promised Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca, through T. E. Lawrence, independence for an Arab country covering most of the Arab Middle East in exchange for his support, while also promising to create and foster a Jewish national home in Palestine in the Balfour Declaration of 1917, in return for Jewish support.

[edit] World War I in the Middle East

General Allenby's final attacks of the Palestine Campaign gave Britain control of the area

The surrender of Jerusalem by the Ottomans to the British on 9 December 1917 following the Battle of Jerusalem

From 1915, Zionist leader and anglophile Ze'ev Jabotinsky was pressing the British to agree to the formation of a Zionist volunteer corps that would serve under the aegis of the British army. The British eventually agreed to set up the Zion Mule Corps, which assisted in the failed invasion of Gallipoli.

After Lloyd George was made prime minister during the war, the British waged the Sinai and Palestine Campaign under General Allenby. This time the British agreed to a "Jewish Legion", which participated in the invasion. Russian Jews regarded the German army as a liberator and the creation of the Legion was designed to encourage them to participate in the war on Britain's side.

At the same time, British intelligence officer T. E. Lawrence ("Lawrence of Arabia") was encouraging an Arab Revolt led by the Sharif of Mecca.

The British defeated Ottoman Turkish forces in 1917 and occupied Palestine and Syria. The land remained under British military administration for the remainder of the war, and beyond.

[edit] After the War

The Ottoman Empire capitulated on 30 October 1918, and on 23 November 1918, a military edict was issued dividing Ottoman territories into "occupied enemy territories" (OET). The Middle East was divided into three OETs. Occupied Enemy Territory South extended from the Egyptian border of Sinai into Palestine and Lebanon as far north as Acre and Nablus and as far east as the River Jordan. A temporary British military governor (General Moony) would administer this sector.[8][9][10] At that time, General Allenby assured Amir Faisal "that the Allies were in honour bound to endeavour to reach a settlement in accordance with the wishes of the peoples concerned and urged him to place his trust whole-heartedly in their good faith."[11]

In a meeting at Deauville in 1919, David Lloyd George of the UK and Georges Clemenceau of France finalised the Anglo-French Settlement of 1–4 December 1918. The new agreement allocated Palestine and the Vilayet of Mosul to the British in exchange for British support of French influence in Syria and Lebanon.[12][13]

In October 1919, British forces in Syria and the last British soldiers stationed east of the Jordan were withdrawn and the region came under exclusive control of Faisal bin Hussein from Damascus. (Biger 2004, p. 173)

At the Paris Peace Conference, Prime Minister Lloyd George told Georges Clemenceau and the other allies that the McMahon-Hussein Notes were a treaty obligation. He explained that the agreement with Hussein had actually been the basis for the Sykes-Picot Agreement, and that the French could not use the proposed League Of Nations Mandate system to break the terms of the agreement. He pointed out that the French had agreed not to occupy the area of the independent Arab state, or confederation of states, with their military forces, including the areas of Damascus, Homs, Hama, and Aleppo. Arthur Balfour (later Lord Balfour, British Foreign Secretary at the time) and President Woodrow Wilson were present at the meeting.[14]

The open negotiations began at the Paris Peace Conference, continued at the Conference of London and took definite shape only after the San Remo conference in April 1920. There the Allied Supreme Council granted the mandates for Palestine and Mesopotamia to Britain,[15] and those for Syria and Lebanon to France. In August 1920, this was officially acknowledged in the Treaty of Sèvres. Both Zionist and Arab representatives attended the conference, where they met and signed an agreement[16] to cooperate. The agreement was never implemented.

[edit] The Mandate

[edit] Practical and legal basis

Emir Faisal's delegation at Versailles, during the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. Left to right: Rustum Haidar, Nuri as-Said, Prince Faisal, Captain Pisani (behind Faisal), T. E. Lawrence, Faisal's black slave (name unknown), Captain Hassan Khadri

The Official Journal of the League of Nations, dated June 1922, contained an interview with Lord Balfour in which he opined that the League's authority was strictly limited. According to Balfour –

[the] Mandates were not the creation of the League, and they could not in substance be altered by the League. The League's duties were confined to seeing that the specific and detailed terms of the mandates were in accordance with the decisions taken by the Allied and Associated Powers, and that in carrying out these mandates the Mandatory Powers should be under the supervision—not under the control—of the League. A mandate was a self-imposed limitation by the conquerors on the sovereignty which they exercised over the conquered territory.[17]

Each of the principal Allied powers had a hand in drafting the proposed mandate[18]—although some, including the United States, had not declared war on the Ottoman Empire and did not become members of the League of Nations.

Emir Feisal I (right) and Chaim Weizmann (also wearing Arab garment as a sign of friendship) in Syria, 1918

The Sykes-Picot Agreement did not call for Arab sovereignty, but for the "suzerainty of an Arab chief" and "an international administration, the form of which is to be decided upon after consultation with Russia, and subsequently in consultation with the other allies, and the representatives of the Sherif of Mecca."[19] Under the terms of that agreement, the Zionist Organization needed to secure an agreement along the lines of the Faisal-Weizmann Agreement with the Sherif of Mecca.

At the Peace Conference in 1919, Emir Faisal, speaking on behalf of King Hussein, asked for Arab independence, or at minimum the right to pick the mandatory.[20] In the end, he recommended an Arab state under a British mandate.[21] The World Zionist Organization also asked for a British mandate, and asserted the 'historic title of the Jewish people to Palestine'.[22]

A confidential appendix to the report of the King-Crane Commission observed that "The Jews are distinctly for Britain as mandatory power, because of the Balfour declaration' and that the French 'resent the payment by the English to the Emir Feisal of a large monthly subsidy, which they claim covers a multitude of bribes, and enables the British to stand off and show clean hands while Arab agents do dirty work in their interest."[23] The Faisal-Weizmann Agreement called for British mediation of any disputes. It also called for the establishment of borders, after the Versailles peace conference, by a commission to be formed for the purpose. The World Zionist Organization later submitted to the peace conference a proposed map of the territory that did not include the area east of the Hedjaz Railway, including most of Transjordan.

The protectorate of the Holy See was a territory granted to the Holy See and to French-Italian delegations under the 1920 San Remo conference. It was ultimately undermined by the Zionist Organization's request for a British mandate.[24]

The mandate was a legal and administrative instrument, not a geographical territory.[25] The territorial jurisdiction of the mandate was subject to change by treaty, capitulation, grant, usage, sufferance or other lawful means. To many observers it seemed as though the boundary of Britain's mandate for Palestine was to extend eastward to the western boundary of its mandate for Mesopotamia.[26] However, the area east of a line from Damascus, Homs, Hamma, and Aleppo – including most of Transjordan – had been pledged in 1915 as part of an undertaking between the UK and the Sharif Hussein of Mecca. The area east of the Jordan River 'was included in the areas as to which Great Britain [sic] pledged itself that they should be Arab and independent in the future'. At the 1919 Peace Conference, the Zionist Organization's claims did not include any territory east of the Hedjaz Railway. The Faisal-Weizmann Agreement provided that the boundaries between the Arab state and Palestine should be determined by a commission after the Paris Peace Conference.

The proposed Arab state and Jewish national home called for separate boundaries and administrative regimes in the sub-districts of historical Cisjordan (west of the Jordan River) and Transjordan (east of the Jordan River). The Palestine Order in Council provided that:

The High Commissioner may, with the approval of a Secretary of State, by Proclamation divide Palestine into administrative divisions or districts in such manner and with such subdivisions as may be convenient for purposes of administration describing the boundaries thereof and assigning names thereto.[27]

[edit] Transjordan (Article 25)

Under the terms of the McMahon-Hussein and Sykes-Picot agreements, the land east of the Jordan was to be part of an Arab state or confederation of Arab states part of the purpose of which was to create an Arab territory east of the Jordan River from which Jews would be excluded.[28] When the Inter-Allied Conference at San Remo adjourned in April 1920, the text of the Palestine mandate did not contain Article 25, or mention "the territories lying between the Jordan and the eastern boundary of Palestine as ultimately determined". Sanford Silverburg said that "a Palestine" within the western political understanding of the term simply never existed." He observed that the failure to establish a western-based territorial element or frame of reference had clouded discussions and cited the claim that Transjordan had been detached from Palestine as a non-sequitur.[29]

Mary Wilson said that the territory east of the Jordan between Damascus and Ma'an had been ruled as part of Faisal's Kingdom of Syria since the end of the war. Wilson said that was because it fell within the indirect sphere of British influence according to the Sykes-Picot agreement, and because the British were content with that arrangement. They favoured Arab rule in the interior, because they didn't have enough troops to garrison the territory. Damascus was located in the French indirect sphere of influence, and the Sykes-Picot agreement called for Arab rule there too. Wilson notes that when France occupied Damascus in July 1920, the situation had changed dramatically. The British suddenly wanted to know 'what is the "Syria" for which the French received a mandate at San Remo?' and 'does it include Transjordania?.[30] British Foreign Minister Curzon ultimately decided that it did not and that Transjordan would remain independent, but in the closest relation with Palestine.

Aaron Klieman said that the French formed a new Damascus state after the battle of Maysalun. As a result, Curzon instructed Vansittart (Paris) to leave the eastern boundary of Palestine undefined. On 21 March 1921, the Foreign and Colonial office legal advisers decided to introduce Article 25 into the Palestine Mandate. It was approved by Curzon on 31 March 1921, and the revised final draft of the mandate (including Transjordan) was forwarded to the League of Nations on 22 July 1922.[31]

Article 25 of the mandate recognised the McMahon-Hussein obligation. It permitted the mandatory to "postpone or withhold application of such provisions of the mandate as he may consider inapplicable to the existing local conditions" in that region. The future Transjordan had been part of the Syrian administrative unit under the Ottomans. It was part of the captured territory placed under the Allied Occupied Enemy Territory Administration (OETA).[32][33]

At the Battle of Maysalun on 23 July 1920, the French removed the newly-proclaimed nationalist government of Hashim al-Atassi and expelled King Faisal from Syria. British Foreign Secretary Earl Curzon wrote to the High Commissioner, Herbert Samuel, in August 1920, stating, "I suggest that you should let it be known forthwith that in the area south of the Sykes-Picot line, we will not admit French authority and that our policy for this area to be independent but in closest relations with Palestine."[34] Samuel replied to Curzon, "After the fall of Damascus a fortnight ago...Sheiks and tribes east of Jordan utterly dissatisfied with Shareefian Government most unlikely would accept revival"[35] and subsequently announced that Transjordan was under British Mandate.[36] Without authority from London, Samuel then visited Transjordan and at a meeting with 600 leaders in Salt, announced the independence of the area from Damascus and its absorption into the mandate, quadrupling the area under his control by tacit capitulation. Samuel assured his audience that Transjordan would not be merged with Palestine.[36] The foreign secretary, Lord Curzon, repudiated Samuel's action.[37]

The Cairo Conference was convened by Winston Churchill, then Britain's Colonial Secretary, to resolve the problem. With the mandates of Palestine and Iraq awarded to Britain, Churchill wished to consult with Middle East experts. At his request, Gertrude Bell, Sir Percy Cox, T. E. Lawrence, Sir Kinahan Cornwallis, Sir Arnold T. Wilson, Iraqi minister of war Jaʿfar alAskari, Iraqi minister of finance Sasun Effendi (Sasson Heskayl), and others gathered in Cairo, Egypt, in March 1921. The outstanding question was the policy to be adopted in Transjordan to prevent anti-French military actions from being launched within the allied British zone of influence. The Hashemites were Associated Powers during the war, and a peaceful solution was urgently needed.

The two most significant decisions of the conference were to offer the throne of Iraq to Emir Faisal ibn Hussein (who became Faisal I of Iraq) and an emirate of Transjordan (now Jordan) to his brother Abdullah ibn Hussein (who became Abdullah I of Jordan). Transjordan was to be constituted as an Arab province of Palestine. The conference provided the political blueprint for British administration in both Iraq and Transjordan, and in offering these two regions to the sons of Sharif Husssein ibn Ali of the Hedjaz, Churchill believed that the spirit, if not the letter, of Britain's wartime promises to the Arabs might be fulfilled.

After further discussions between Churchill and Abdullah in Jerusalem, it was mutually agreed that Transjordan was accepted into the mandatory area with the proviso that it would be, initially for six months, under the nominal rule of the Emir Abdullah and would not form part of the Jewish national home to be established west of the River Jordan.[38][39]

That agreement was formalised before the mandate officially went into effect. A clause was included in the charter governing the Mandate for Palestine which allowed the UK to postpone or permanently withhold all of the provisions which related to the 'Jewish National Home' on lands which lay to the east of the Jordan River.[40] In September 1922, the British government presented a memorandum to the League of Nations detailing its intended implementation of that clause, and this memorandum was approved on 23 September.[41]

From that point onwards, Britain administered the part west of the Jordan, 23% of the entire territory, as "Palestine", and the part east of the Jordan, 77% of the entire territory, as "Transjordan." The subsequent two mandates were administrated under one single British Foreign Office High Commissioner which does not prejudice or vacate the international principle whereof official League of Nations documents referred to them as if they were two separate mandates. Transfer of authority to an Arab government took place gradually in Transjordan, starting with the recognition of a local administration in 1923 and transfer of most administrative functions in 1928. The status of the mandate was not altered by the agreement between the United Kingdom and the Emirate concluded on 20 February 1928.[42][43] It recognised the existence of an independent government in Transjordan and defined and limited its powers. The ratifications were exchanged on 31 October 1929."[44] Britain retained mandatory authority over the region until it became independent as the Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan in 1946. The juridical status of the mandate under the Palestine Mandate Convention remained unchanged pending a decision on the Palestine question by the United Nations or Transjordan's admission to the United Nations as an independent state. See Termination of the Mandate.

[edit] Religious and communal issues

Article 14 of the Mandate required British to establish a commission to study, define, and determine the rights and claims relating to the different religious communities in Palestine. This provision, which called for the creation of a commission to review the religious status quo between the religious communities, was never created.

Article 15 required the mandatory administration to see to it that complete freedom of conscience and the free exercise of all forms of worship were permitted.

[edit] Demarcation of borders

Map showing boundaries of the proposed Jewish state, as outlined by the Zionist representatives at the 1919 Paris Peace Conference, superimposed on modern boundaries

Main article: Borders of Israel

During and after World War I, Britain made conflicting and shifting commitments regarding the future division and governance of the region, including those announced in the Balfour Declaration of 1917, the Sykes-Picot Agreement, the Hussein-McMahon Correspondence, and the Churchill White Paper of 1922. At the San Remo conference, the boundaries of the mandated territories were not precisely defined.[15][45]

The boundary between the British and French mandates was defined in broad terms by the Franco-British Boundary Agreement of December 1920.[46] That agreement placed the bulk of the Golan Heights in the French sphere. The treaty also established a joint commission to settle the precise border and mark it on the ground.[46] The commission submitted its final report on 3 February 1922, and it was approved with some caveats by the British and French governments on 7 March 1923, several months before Britain and France assumed their Mandatory responsibilities on 29 September 1923.[47][48] Under the treaty, Syrian and Lebanese residents would have the same fishing and navigation rights on Lake Hula, Lake Tiberias, and the Jordan River as citizens of the Palestine Mandate, but the government of Palestine would be responsible for policing of the lakes. The Zionist movement pressured the French and British to include as much water sources as possible to Palestine during the demarcating negotiations. These constant demands influenced the negotiators and finally led to the inclusion of the whole Sea of Galilee, both sides of the Jordan river, Lake Hula, Dan spring, and part of the Yarmouk. The High Commissioner of Palestine, Herbert Samuel, had demanded full control of the Sea of Galilee.[49] The new border followed a 10-meter wide strip along the northeastern shore.[50]

Following the settlement of the border issue, the British and French governments signed on 2 February 1926 an Agreement of good neighbourly Relations between the mandated territories of Palestine, Syria and Lebanon.[51]

[edit] Drafting of the mandate

The British Foreign Secretary, Lord Curzon, together with the Italian and French governments rejected early drafts of the mandate because it had contained a passage which read: "Recognizing, moreover, the historical connection of the Jewish people with Palestine and the claim which this gives them to reconstitute it their national home..."

The Palestine Committee set up by the Foreign Office recommended that the reference to 'the claim' be omitted. The Allies had already noted the historical connection in the Treaty of Sèvres, but they had recognised no legal claim. They felt that whatever might be done for the Jewish people was based entirely on sentimental grounds. Further, they felt that all that was necessary was to make room for Zionists in Palestine, not that they should turn 'it', that is the whole country, into their home.[citation needed]

Lord Balfour suggested an alternative which was accepted.

Whereas recognition has thereby [i.e. by the Treaty of Sèvres] been given to the historical connection of the Jewish people with Palestine, and to the [sentimental] grounds for reconstituting their National Home in that country ...[52]

The Vatican, the Italian, and the French governments continued to press their own legal claims on the basis of the former Protectorate of the Holy See and the French Protectorate of Jerusalem. The idea of an International Commission to resolve claims on the Holy Places had been formalised in Article 95 of the Treaty of Sèvres, and taken up again in article 14 of the Palestinian Mandate. Negotiations concerning the formation and the role of the commission were partly responsible for the delay in ratifying the mandate. The UK assumed responsibility for the Holy Places under Article 13 of the mandate. However, it never created the Commission on Holy Places to resolve the other claims in accordance with Article 14 of the mandate.[53]

Article 14 of the British Mandate of Palestine required the mandatory administration to establish a commission to study, define, and determine the rights and claims relating to the different religious communities in Palestine. Article 15 required the mandatory administration to see to it that complete freedom of conscience and the free exercise of all forms of worship were permitted. Those mandates were never put into effect. The High Commissioner established the authority of the Orthodox Rabbinate over the members of the Jewish community and retained a modified version of the old Ottoman Millet system. Formal recognition was extended to eleven religious communities, which did not include the non-Orthodox Jewish or Protestant Christian denominations.

[edit] League of Nations ratification

The San Remo conference[54] assigned the mandate for Palestine to the United Kingdom under Article 22 of the Covenant of the League of Nations. The Allies also decided to make the UK responsible for putting into effect its own Balfour Declaration of 1917. In June 1922, the League of Nations approved the terms of the mandate, with the stipulation that they would not come into effect until a dispute between France and Italy over the Syria Mandate was settled. That issue was resolved in September 1923. The Council of the League of Nations determined that the two mandates had come into effect at its meeting of 29 September 1923.[55]

[edit] US legal rights in Palestine

The United States government was not a member of the League of Nations, and therefore, could not enjoy the economic rights granted to League members in mandated territories. On 3 December 1924, the US and British governments signed a bilateral treaty which gave US nationals the same economic rights as enjoyed by League member nationals.[56]

[edit] The Jewish national home

In 1919 the General Secretary (and future President) of the Zionist Organization, Nahum Sokolow, published a History of Zionism (1600–1918). He also represented the Zionist Organization at the Paris Peace Conference.

“ The object of Zionism is to establish for the Jewish people a home in Palestine secured by public law." ... ...It has been said and is still being obstinately repeated by anti-Zionists again and again, that Zionism aims at the creation of an independent "Jewish State" But this is fallacious. The "Jewish State" was never part of the Zionist programme. The Jewish State was the title of Herzl's first pamphlet, which had the supreme merit of forcing people to think. This pamphlet was followed by the first Zionist Congress, which accepted the Basle programme – the only programme in existence. ”

—Nahum Sokolow, History of Zionism[57]

The United Nations Special Committee on Palestine said the Jewish National Home, which derived from the formulation of Zionist aspirations in the 1897 Basle program has provoked many discussions concerning its meaning, scope and legal character, especially since it had no known legal connotation and there are no precedents in international law for its interpretation. It was used in the Balfour Declaration and in the Mandate, both of which promised the establishment of a "Jewish National Home" without, however, defining its meaning. A statement on "British Policy in Palestine," issued on 3 June 1922 by the Colonial Office, placed a restrictive construction upon the Balfour Declaration. The statement excluded "the disappearance or subordination of the Arabic population, language or customs in Palestine" or "the imposition of Jewish nationality upon the inhabitants of Palestine as a whole", and made it clear that in the eyes of the mandatory Power, the Jewish National Home was to be founded in Palestine and not that Palestine as a whole was to be converted into a Jewish National Home. The Committee noted that the construction, which restricted considerably the scope of the National Home, was made prior to the confirmation of the Mandate by the Council of the League of Nations and was formally accepted at the time by the Executive of the Zionist Organization.[58]

The League of Nations Permanent Mandates Commission took the position that the Mandate contained a dual obligation. In 1932 the Mandates Commission questioned the representative of the Mandatory on the demands made by the Arab population regarding the establishment of self-governing institutions, in accordance with various articles of the mandate, and in particular Article 2. The Chairman noted that "under the terms of the same article, the mandatory Power had long since set up the Jewish National Home."[59]

In March 1930 Lord Passfield, the Secretary of State for the Colonies, had authored a Cabinet Paper[60] which said:

In the Balfour Declaration there is no suggestion that the Jews should be accorded a special or favoured position in Palestine as compared with the Arab inhabitants of the country, or that the claims of Palestinians to enjoy self-government (subject to the rendering of administrative advice and assistance by a Mandatory as foreshadowed in Article XXII of the Covenant) should be curtailed in order to facilitate the establishment in Palestine of a National Home for the Jewish people." ... Zionist leaders have not concealed and do not conceal their opposition to the grant of any measure of self-government to the people of Palestine either now or for many years to come. Some of them even go so far as to claim that that provision of Article 2 of the Mandate constitutes a bar to compliance with the demand of the Arabs for any measure of self-government. In view of the provisions of Article XXII of the Covenant and of the promises made to the Arabs on several occasions that claim is inadmissible.

In 1937 a British Royal Commission headed by Lord Peel proposed solving the Arab-Jewish conflict by partitioning Palestine into two states. The Jewish leadership rejected the plan and developed an alternate proposal.[61] The US Consul General at Jerusalem told the State Department that the Mufti had refused the principle of partition and declined to consider it. The Consul said that the Emir Abdullah urged acceptance on the ground that realities must be faced, but wanted modification of the proposed boundaries and Arab administrations in the neutral enclave. The Consul also noted that Nashashibi side-stepped the principle, but was willing to negotiate for favourable modifications.[62]

A collection of private correspondence published by David Ben Gurion contained a letter written in 1937 which explained that he was in favour of partition because he didn't envision a partial Jewish state as the end of the process. Ben Gurion wrote "What we want is not that the country be united and whole, but that the united and whole country be Jewish." He explained that a first-class Jewish army would permit Zionists to settle in the rest of the country with or without the consent of the Arabs.[63] Benny Morris said that both Chaim Weizmann and David Ben Gurion saw partition as a stepping stone to further expansion and the eventual takeover of the whole of Palestine.[64] Former Israeli Foreign Minister and historian Schlomo Ben Ami writes that 1937 was the same year that the "Field Battalions" under Yitzhak Sadeh wrote the "Avner Plan", which anticipated and laid the groundwork for what would become in 1948, Plan D. It envisioned going far beyond any boundaries contained in the existing partition proposals and planned the conquest of the Galilee, the West Bank, and Jerusalem.[65]

In 1942 the Biltmore Program was adopted as the platform of the World Zionist Organization. It demanded "that Palestine be established as a Jewish Commonwealth." In 1946 an Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry, also known as the Grady-Morrison Committee, noted that the demand for a Jewish State went beyond the obligations of either the Balfour Declaration or the Mandate and had been expressly disowned by the Chairman of the Jewish Agency as recently as 1932.[66] The Jewish Agency subsequently refused to accept the Grady Morrison Plan as the basis for discussion. A spokesman for the agency, Eliahu Epstein, told the US State Department that the Agency could not attend the London conference if the Grady-Morrison proposal was on the agenda. He stated that the Agency was unwilling to be placed in a position where it might have to compromise between the Grady-Morrison proposals on the one hand and its own partition plan on the other. He stated that the Agency had accepted partition as the solution for Palestine which it favoured.[67]

[edit] Palestine under the Mandate

Main article: Mandate Palestine

[edit] From military to civil administration

The arrival of Sir Herbert Samuel. From left to right: Col. T. E. Lawrence, Emir Abdullah, Air Marshal Sir Geoffrey Salmond, and Sir Wyndham Deedes and others

Following its occupation by British troops in 1917–1918, Palestine was governed by the Occupied Enemy Territory Administration. In July 1920, the military administration was replaced by a civilian administration headed by a High Commissioner.[68] The first High Commissioner, Herbert Samuel, arrived in Palestine on 20 June 1920, to take up his appointment from 1 July. Samuel continued in office when the mandate commenced in 1923.

In October 1923, Britain provided the League with a report on the administration of Palestine for the period 1920–1922, which covered the period before the mandate.[69]

[edit] Legal status of the Mandate

The United States was not a member of the League of Nations, and consequently was not required to officially state its position on the legality of the Palestinian Mandate. However, the US government accepted the de facto, if not de jure, status of the mandates and entered into individual treaties with the mandatory power to secure legal rights for its citizens and to protect property rights and business interests in the mandates. In the case of Palestine, in 1924, it entered into an understanding with Britain in the Palestine Mandate Convention, in which the United States "consents to the administration" (Article 1) and which dealt with eight issues of concern to the United States.[70]

[edit] Arab political rights

A Palestinian passport from the era of British Mandate of Palestine

The resolution of the San Remo Conference contained a safeguarding clause for the existing rights of the non-Jewish communities. The conference accepted the terms of the Mandate with reference to Palestine, on the understanding that there was inserted in the process-verbal a legal undertaking by the Mandatory Power that it would not involve the surrender of the rights hitherto enjoyed by the non-Jewish communities in Palestine.[71] The draft mandates for Mesopotamia and Palestine, and all of the post-war peace treaties contained clauses for the protection of religious groups and minorities. The mandates invoked the compulsory jurisdiction of the Permanent Court of International Justice in the event of any disputes.[72]

Article 62 (LXII) of the Treaty of Berlin, 13 July 1878[73] dealt with religious freedom and civil and political rights in all parts of the Ottoman Empire.[74] The guarantees have frequently been referred to as "religious rights" or "minority rights". However, the guarantees included a prohibition against discrimination in civil and political matters. Difference of religion could not be alleged against any person as a ground for exclusion or incapacity in matters relating to the enjoyment of civil or political rights, admission to public employments, functions, and honours, or the exercise of the various professions and industries, "in any locality whatsoever."

A legal analysis performed by the International Court of Justice noted that the Covenant of the League of Nations had provisionally recognised the communities of Palestine as independent nations. The mandate simply marked a transitory period, with the aim and object of leading the mandated territory to become an independent self-governing State.[75] Judge Higgins explained that the Palestinian people are entitled to their territory, to exercise self-determination, and to have their own State."[76] The Court said that specific guarantees regarding freedom of movement and access to the Holy Sites contained in the Treaty of Berlin (1878) had been preserved under the terms of the Palestine Mandate and a chapter of the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine.[77]

Stamp from Palestine, 10 mils, circa 1928

According to historian Rashid Khalidi, the mandate ignored the political rights of the Arabs.[78] The Arab leadership repeatedly pressed the British to grant them national and political rights, such as representative government, over Jewish national and political rights in the remaining 23% of the Mandate of Palestine which the British had set aside for a Jewish homeland. The Arabs reminded the British of President Wilson's Fourteen Points and British promises during the First World War. The British however made acceptance of the terms of the mandate a precondition for any change in the constitutional position of the Arabs. A legislative council was proposed in The Palestine Order in Council, of 1922 which implemented the terms of the mandate. It stated that: "No Ordinance shall be passed which shall be in any way repugnant to or inconsistent with the provisions of the Mandate." For the Arabs, this was unacceptable, as they felt that this would be "self murder".[79] During the whole interwar period, the British, appealing to the terms of the mandate, which they had designed themselves, rejected the principle of majority rule or any other measure that would give an Arab majority control over the government of Palestine.[80]

The terms of the mandate required the establishment of self-governing institutions in both Palestine and Transjordan. In 1947 Foreign Secretary Bevin admitted that during the previous twenty-five years the British had done, their best to further the legitimate aspirations of the Jewish communities without prejudicing the interests of the Arabs, but had failed to "secure the development of self-governing institutions" in accordance with the terms of the Mandate.[81]

[edit] The Jewish Yishuv

Main article: History of Zionism

See also: History of the State of Israel

Supreme Military Tribunal of the British Mandate, Kiryat Shmuel, Jerusalem

During the Mandate, the Yishuv or Jewish community in Palestine, grew from one-sixth to almost one-third of the population. According to official records, 367,845 Jews and 33,304 non-Jews immigrated legally between 1920 and 1945.[82] It was estimated that another 50–60,000 Jews and a small number of non-Jews immigrated illegally during this period.[83] Immigration accounted for most of the increase of Jewish population, while the non-Jewish population increase was largely natural.[84]

Initially, Jewish immigration to Palestine met little opposition from the Palestinian Arabs. However, as anti-Semitism grew in Europe during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Jewish immigration (mostly from Europe) to Palestine began to increase markedly, creating much Arab resentment. The British government placed limitations on Jewish immigration to Palestine. These quotas were controversial, particularly in the latter years of British rule, and both Arabs and Jews disliked the policy, each for its own reasons. In response to numerous Arab attacks on Jewish communities, the Haganah, a Jewish paramilitary organisation, was formed on 15 June 1920 to defend Jewish residents. Tensions led to widespread violent disturbances on several occasions, notably in 1921 (see Jaffa riots), 1929 (primarily violent attacks by Arabs on Jews—see 1929 Hebron massacre) and 1936–1939. Beginning in 1936, Jewish groups such as Etzel (Irgun) and Lehi (Stern Gang) conducted campaigns of violence against British military and Arab targets.

[edit] Infrastructure and development

YMCA in Jerusalem, built during the British Mandate

"Bevingrad" in Jerusalem, Russian Compound behind barbed wire

Between 1922 and 1947, the annual growth rate of the Jewish sector of the economy was 13.2%, mainly due to immigration and foreign capital, while that of the Arab was 6.5%. Per capita, these figures were 4.8% and 3.6% respectively. By 1936, the Jewish sector had eclipsed the Arab one, and Jewish individuals earned 2.6 times as much as Arabs.[85] Compared to other Arab countries, the Palestinian Arab individuals earned slightly more.[86] In terms of human capital, there was a huge difference. For instance, the literacy rates in 1932 were 86% for the Jews against 22% for the Palestinian Arabs, but Arab literacy was steadily increasing. In this respect, the Palestinian Arabs compared favourably to Egypt and Turkey, but unfavourably to Lebanon.[87] On the scale of the UN Human Development Index determined for around 1939, of 36 countries, Palestinian Jews were placed 15th, Palestinian Arabs 30th, Egypt 33rd and Turkey 35th.[88] The Jews in Palestine were mainly urban, 76.2% in 1942, while the Arabs were mainly rural, 68.3% in 1942.[89] Overall, Khalidi concludes that Palestinian Arab society, while overmatched by the Yishuv, was as advanced as any other Arab society in the region and considerably more than several.[90]

Under the British Mandate, the country developed economically and culturally. In 1919 the Jewish community founded a centralised Hebrew school system, and the following year established the Assembly of Representatives, the Jewish National Council and the Histadrut labour federation. The Technion university was founded in 1924, and the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in 1925.[91]

[edit] Palestinian Arab leadership

Under the British Mandate, the office of “Mufti of Jerusalem”, traditionally limited in authority and geographical scope, was refashioned into that of “Grand Mufti of Palestine”. Furthermore, a Supreme Muslim Council (SMC) was established and given various duties, such as the administration of religious endowments and the appointment of religious judges and local muftis. In Ottoman times, these duties had been fulfilled by the bureaucracy in Istanbul.[92] In dealings with the Palestinian Arabs, the British negotiated with the elite rather than the middle or lower classes.(Khalidi 2006, p. 52) They chose Hajj Amin al-Husayni to become Grand Mufti, although he was young and had received the fewest votes from Jerusalem’s Islamic leaders.(Khalidi 2006, pp. 56–57) One of the mufti's rivals, Raghib Bey al-Nashashibi, had already been appointed mayor of Jerusalem in 1920, replacing Musa Kazim, whom the British removed after the Nabi Musa riots of 1920,[93][94] during which he exhorted the crowd to give their blood for Palestine.[95] During the entire Mandate period, but especially during the latter half, the rivalry between the mufti and al-Nashashibi dominated Palestinian politics. Khalidi ascribes the failure of the Palestinian leaders to enroll mass support, because of their experiences during the Ottoman Empire period, as they were then part of the ruling elite and accustomed to their commands being obeyed. The idea of mobilising the masses was thoroughly alien to them.(Khalidi 2006, p. 81)

There had already been rioting and attacks on and massacres of Jews in 1921 and 1929. During the 1930s, Palestinian Arab popular discontent with Jewish immigration grew. In the late 1920s and early 1930s, several factions of Palestinian society, especially from the younger generation, became impatient with the internecine divisions and ineffectiveness of the Palestinian elite and engaged in grass-roots anti-British and anti-Zionist activism, organised by groups such as the Young Men's Muslim Association. There was also support for the radical nationalist Independence Party (Hizb al-Istiqlal), which called for a boycott of the British in the manner of the Indian Congress Party. Some took to the hills to fight the British and the Zionists. Most of these initiatives were contained and defeated by notables in the pay of the Mandatory Administration, particularly the mufti and his cousin Jamal al-Husayni. A six-month general strike in 1936 marked the start of the great Palestinian Revolt.[96]

[edit] United Nations partition plan

Main articles: 1947 UN Partition Plan and 1947-1948 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine

The UN Partition Plan

The British Peel Commission had proposed a Palestine divided between a Jewish state and an Arab state. But in the 1939 White Paper Britain changed its position and sought to limit Jewish immigration from Europe. This was seen by Zionists and their sympathisers as betrayal of the terms of the mandate, especially in light of the increasing persecution of Jews in Europe. In response, Zionists organised Aliyah Bet, a program of illegal immigration into Palestine. Lehi, a small group of extreme Zionists, staged armed attacks on British authorities in Palestine. However, the Jewish Agency, which represented the mainstream Zionist leadership, still hoped to persuade Britain to allow resumed Jewish immigration, and cooperated with Britain in World War II.

The Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry in 1946 was a joint attempt by Britain and the United States to agree on a policy regarding the admission of Jews to Palestine. In April, the Committee reported that its members had arrived at a unanimous decision. The Committee approved the American recommendation of the immediate acceptance of 100,000 Jewish refugees from Europe into Palestine. It also recommended that there be no Arab, and no Jewish State. The Committee stated that "in order to dispose, once and for all, of the exclusive claims of Jews and Arabs to Palestine, we regard it as essential that a clear statement of principle should be made that Jew shall not dominate Arab and Arab shall not dominate Jew in Palestine." U.S. President Harry S. Truman angered the British Labour Party by issuing a statement supporting the 100,000 refugees but refusing to acknowledge the rest of the committee's findings. Britain had asked for U.S assistance in implementing the recommendations. The U.S. War Department had said earlier that to assist Britain in maintaining order against an Arab revolt, an open-ended U.S. commitment of 300,000 troops would be necessary. The immediate admission of 100,000 new Jewish immigrants would almost certainly have provoked an Arab uprising.[97]

These events were the decisive factors that forced Britain to announce their desire to terminate the Palestine Mandate and place the Question of Palestine before the United Nations, the successor to the League of Nations. The UN created UNSCOP (the UN Special Committee on Palestine) on 15 May 1947, with representatives from 11 countries. UNSCOP conducted hearings and made a general survey of the situation in Palestine, and issued its report on 31 August. Seven members (Canada, Czechoslovakia, Guatemala, Netherlands, Peru, Sweden, and Uruguay) recommended the creation of independent Arab and Jewish states, with Jerusalem to be placed under international administration. Three members (India, Iran, and Yugoslavia) supported the creation of a single federal state containing both Jewish and Arab constituent states. Australia abstained. On 29 November, the UN General Assembly voted 33 to 13, with 10 abstentions, in favour of the Partition Plan, while making some adjustments to the boundaries between the two states proposed by it. The division was to take effect on the date of British withdrawal. It is important to note that the UN General Assembly is only granted the power to make recommendations, therefore, UNGAR 181 was not legally binding.[98] Both the U.S. and the Soviet Union supported the resolution. Haiti, Liberia, and the Philippines changed their votes at the last moment after concerted pressure from the U.S. and from Zionist organisations.[99][100][101] The five members of the Arab League who were voting members at the time voted against the Plan.

The Jewish Agency, which was the Jewish state-in-formation, accepted the plan, and nearly all the Jews in Palestine rejoiced at the news. Israeli history books mention 29 November as the most important date in the creation of Israel as it refers to UNGA 181 of 1947 Partition of the Mandate of Palestine into two states and whereof Israel's Proclamation of Independence refers to UNGA 181 as its source of sovereignty in Ph's 9 & 15.[citation needed]

The partition plan was rejected out of hand by Palestinian Arab leaders and by most of the Arab population. Meeting in Cairo in November and December 1947, the Arab League then adopted a series of resolutions aimed at a military solution to the conflict.

Britain announced that it would accept the partition plan, but refused to enforce it, arguing it was not acceptable to both sides. Britain also refused to share the administration of Palestine with the UN Palestine Commission during the transitional period. In September 1947, the British government announced that the Mandate for Palestine would end on May 14, 1948.[102][103]

Some Jewish organizations also opposed the proposal. Irgun leader Menachem Begin announced: "The partition of the homeland is illegal. It will never be recognised. The signature by institutions and individuals of the partition agreement is invalid. It will not bind the Jewish people. Jerusalem was and will for ever be our capital. The Land of Israel will be restored to the people of Israel. All of it. And for ever."[citation needed] These views were publicly rejected by the majority of the nascent Jewish state.[citation needed]

[edit] Termination of the Mandate

The Yalta Conference mentioned that mandates should be placed under United Nations trusteeship. The Jewish Agency knew the United Nations Charter would say something on those subjects. The Agency wrote a memo to the San Francisco Conference requesting a safeguarding clause that said no trusteeship agreement could alter the Jewish right to nationhood secured by the Balfour Declaration and the Palestine Mandate. The conference implicitly rejected that suggestion by stipulating in article 80 of the Charter that a trusteeship agreement could in fact alter a mandate.[104] The negotiating history of Article 80 of the UN Charter recorded in the Foreign Relations of the United States, indicates that it was developed as a "status quo" agreement with respect to the Palestine mandate. It was included at the insistence of the Arab League, who were afraid the 1939 White Paper policy would be relaxed.[105]

When the UK announced plans for Transjordanian independence, the final Assembly of the League of Nations and the General Assembly both adopted resolutions which indicated support for the proposal. However, the Jewish Agency and many legal scholars raised objections. Duncan Hall said that each mandate was in the nature of a treaty, and that being treaties, the mandates could not be amended unilaterally.[106] John Marlowe noted that despite Transjordan's theoretical independence as conferred by the 1946 Treaty, the Arab Legion continued to be used, under nominal Transjordanian but actual British command, for police duties and for frontier control in Palestine.[107] The Jewish Agency spokesmen said that Transjordan was an integral part of Palestine, and that according to Article 80 of the UN Charter, the Jewish people had a secured interest in its territory.[108]

The Anglo-American treaty, also known as the Palestine Mandate Convention, permitted the US to delay any unilateral British action to terminate the mandate. The earlier proclamation of the independence of Syria and Lebanon had said "the independence and sovereignty of Syria and Lebanon will not affect the juridical situation as it results from the Mandate Act. Indeed, this situation could be changed only with the agreement of the Council of the League of Nations, with the consent of the Government of the United States, a signatory of the Franco-American Convention of 4 April 1924".[109]

The U.S. adopted the policy that formal termination of the mandate with respect to Transjordan would follow the earlier precedent established by the French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon. That meant termination would generally be recognised upon the admission of Transjordan into the United Nations as a fully independent country.[110] Members of the U.S. Congress introduced resolutions demanding that the U.S. Representative to the United Nations be instructed to seek postponement of any international determination of the status of Transjordan until the future status of Palestine as a whole was determined. The U.S. State Department also received a long detailed legal argument from Rabbis Wise and Silver objecting to the independence of Transjordan.[111]

In 1946 Transjordan applied for membership in the United Nations. The President of the Security Council, speaking in his capacity as the representative of Poland, said that Transjordan was part of a joint Mandate. He denied that the Mandate had been legally terminated and asserted the rights and obligations of the United Nations. He mentioned that US Secretary of State Byrnes had spoken out against premature recognition of Transjordan, and he added that the application should not be considered until the question of Palestine as a whole was addressed.[112] Transjordan's application for UN membership was not approved. At the 1947 Pentagon Conference, the USA advised the UK it was withholding recognition of Transjordan pending a decision on the Palestine question by the United Nations.[113]

During the General Assembly deliberations on Palestine, there were suggestions that it would be desirable to incorporate part of Transjordan's territory into the proposed Jewish state. A few days before 29 November 1947 decision on partition, U.S. Secretary of State Marshall noted frequent references had been made by the Ad Hoc Committee regarding the desirability of the Jewish State having both the Negev and an "outlet to the Red Sea and the Port of Aqaba."[114] According to John Snetsinger, Chaim Weizmann visited President Truman on 19 November 1947 and said it was imperative that the Negev and Port of Aqaba be under Jewish control and that they be included in the Jewish state.[115] Truman telephoned the US delegation to the UN and told them he supported Weizmann's position.[116]

The British had notified the U.N. of their intent to terminate the mandate not later than 1 August 1948,[117]

The Jewish Leadership led by future Prime Minister, David Ben-Gurion, declared independence on 14 May. The State of Israel declared itself as an independent nation, and was quickly recognised by the Soviet Union, the United States, and many other countries, but not by the surrounding Arab states. Over the next few days, approximately 700 Lebanese, 1,876 Syrian, 4,000 Iraqi, 2,800 Egyptian troops invaded Palestine.[118] Around 4,500 Transjordanian troops, commanded by 38 British officers who had resigned their commissions in the British army only weeks earlier (commanded by General Glubb), invaded the Corpus separatum region encompassing Jerusalem and its environs (in response to the Haganah's Operation Kilshon[119]), as well as areas designated as part of the Arab state by the UN partition plan. On the date of British withdrawal, the Jewish provisional government declared the formation of the State of Israel. The partition plan required that the proposed states grant full civil rights to all people within their borders, regardless of race, religion or gender. Although Israel acknowledged that obligation, legal scholars, including Prof. James Crawford and Prof. William Thomas Mallison, have noted that Israel did not comply with the prescribed conditions for protection of minorities

[Spoolin]

click on your name and you will find my comment there it is on your profile...

Well, how the crap did I miss that. LOL

Thanks....I got it and messaged you back.

[Hashim1968]

Tyranny and Brutality in the Name of Jesus

Today, most Christians see Jesus as a god of Love and Mercy. Actually, this is largely a relatively recent phenomenon, at least on the world geo-political stage. Let's look back to three times when tyrany and brutality were widely practiced in the name of Jesus.

The Great Crusades

Following the establishment of Islam, Muslims captured the Holy Lands. Beginning around 1085, following the lead of Pope Urban II, Christians from France and England, joined later by German Christians, launched what are known as The Great Crusades. for over 200 years, Christian and Muslim armies fought over control of the Holy Lands. both sides used these battles to kill the "infidels" on a massive level. The tides of battle waxed and waned many times.

Jews became favored targets of both sides. Jews were fair game for slaughter. Most of the time no quarter was given by either side.

Great legends have come from the Crusades, Richard the Lionhearted and the Knights Templar (established in 1120) are still fodder for books of intrigue today.

The Great Crusades ended with the defeat to the Templars at Acre in 1291. This was the end of the 7th Crusade.

On both sides, the current rulers of the Holy Land as the politics ebbed and flowed were tyrants and exercised extreme brutality... from the Crusaders' standpoint, all in the name of Jesus.

The Spanish Inquisition

Known formally as The Tribunal of the Holy Office of the Inquisition, The Spanish Inquisition was established by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella. Most of us know them better as the monarchs who sponsored Christopher Columbus' voyages when he "discovered" the Americas.

The Spanish Inquisition was established to maintain Catholic Orthodoxy in the dual kingdoms of what is now modern Spain. Much of these lands had previously been controlled by the Muslims and great cultures existed on the Iberian Peninsula. All non-Christians were persecuted, especially Jews and Muslims. In the roughly 300 years that the Inquisition existed, between 3000-5000 people were tortured and killed. Many of the great instruments of torture were invented and used during this period. Hundreds of thousands more people were forced into exile.

The Inquisition, although under direct control of the monarchs, was sanctioned by the Papacy and were conducted by the Dominicans. The Spanish Inquisition is a black time in both world and church history. This tyranny and brutality was practiced in the name of Jesus.

The Conquistadors and European Settlement of the New World

Ferdinand and Isabella were instrumental here, too. They not only backed Columbus, but also many of the later Conquistadors who came to the New World. A significant part of their interest was in spreading the Good News of Jesus Christ to all people. Priests accompanied the people sent to conquer the savages in this before "unknown" region of the world. There is little doubt that gold and other riches were also a source of motivation, especially for the Conquistadors themselves.

To the native peoples, these invaders were generally known as the "Kristianos." While warfare killed thousands and disease upward of 20 million natives in the Americas, those who did not die were given two basic options... convert or become salves. The slaves were often worked to death in short order.

Those who converted, for the most part, were given little or no instruction in their new faith. Baptism took precedence over real knowledge and faith. "Juans" and "Marias" were created by the thousands as people were given their new Christian names. Most of South and Central America and the Caribbean Islands were "Christianized" by the Spanish and Portuguese in this manner.

The fate of the people in North America was not much better. In the American Southwest, it was again the Spanish. De Soto was among the most brutal in his invasion of Florida and much of the American Southeast. to the north, the English, Dutch and French brought the same fates. Tyranny and brutality won the day... in the name of Jesus.

Today?

We'd like to think that we Christians take a very different approach today. I'd like to think that we do as well. In fact, I am convinced that we do for the most part. Yet we still have our troubles... ask @bethy about the "Troubles" in Ireland where Catholics and Protestants slaughtered one another over political differences, but put so much emphasis on doing so in the name of Jesus.

In many parts of the world today, it is the Christian community who is being persecuted even to the point of slaughter. Recent events in Egypt and India are examples and the dangers still exist in China for many.

But let's step outside of our circle for a moment. In the Middle East, Arabs and Jews continue to fight. These battles are founded on religious beleifs that are thousands of years old. But today many of the differences are more political and economic than they are religious.

The same can be said for world wide terrorism.

To many the recent wars in the Middle East and Afghanistan are viewed more as attacks on Islam than anything else... at least from the perspective of the native inhabitants of the areas invaded.

So, why is any of this important? We live in a very complex, complicated, mixed up world. In history, the hands of Christianity are no cleaner than those of many others. History has a long memory when it comes to oppressed peoples.

If we seek peace in the name of Christ Jesus we need to step outside of our own perspectives at least long enough to gain some insight into why these differences among us exist.

[Hashim1968]

Look at the 10,000 Dinar Bank Note: This is a contribution that Muslims have made. FRONT:Abu Ali Hasan Ibn al-Haitham (known as Alhazen to medieval scholars in the West), born Basrah in 965 A.D. His most important work - although he wrote some 200 books - is held to be a seven volume series on optics Kitab al-Manazir, in which he gives the first correct explanation of vision, showing that light is reflected from an object into the eye. He is said to have ‘invented’ the camera obscura.

[Mongo]

Don't worry the bible says that these Trials and Tribulations must come to pass in GOD'S game plan It's all part of his plan to throw satan in the bottomless pit. Any time GODS chosen people turned their backs on him,GOD let their enemy's consume them. Islam and Iraq will be great again 100 fold this time, But to no avail, At the hight of their power and influence, GOD will crush them, this time for good......Oh there will be persecution of christians just like in the Roman days. But can you think of anyone better to die for than GOD.............I can't

[detroitjazzman]

earlier today I wrote

"You went through that long post to spew venom and racial slurs directed towards a race of people based on awards received? please tell me this was not your intention."

for which I received 13 negative tallies. Not that it matters, however, I refuse to accept a hypothesis of someone being a better group of people because of the number of awards they receive, I don carBeing born to a particular race or religion does not in and of itself create any predisposition to anything. People become who the are, based on initiative, drive, and exposure and to some extent financial.. What really gets next to me. Folks talk about GO RV, and that the iraqi people need to pull the trigger, acting like the really care about them, when in reality, their real concern is monetary. Suppression of a fundamental freedom, and particularily the freedom of speech or the freedom to say what is on your mind. It is a right I fought for and I will express my feelings without wondering if someone will give me a red minus. I guess I still don't play with children welL. We are supposed to be adults and as adults, we are never going to always agree, but I will always respect you.

[NotReallyTex]

earlier today I wrote

"You went through that long post to spew venom and racial slurs directed towards a race of people based on awards received? please tell me this was not your intention."

for which I received 13 negative tallies. Not that it matters, however, I refuse to accept a hypothesis of someone being a better group of people because of the number of awards they receive, I don carBeing born to a particular race or religion does not in and of itself create any predisposition to anything. People become who the are, based on initiative, drive, and exposure and to some extent financial.. What really gets next to me. Folks talk about GO RV, and that the iraqi people need to pull the trigger, acting like the really care about them, when in reality, their real concern is monetary. Suppression of a fundamental freedom, and particularily the freedom of speech or the freedom to say what is on your mind. It is a right I fought for and I will express my feelings without wondering if someone will give me a red minus. I guess I still don't play with children welL. We are supposed to be adults and as adults, we are never going to always agree, but I will always respect you.

Lets see I am not a liberal and rarely agree with you ....but I respect you a lot. You stick to your guns, even if you get bashed. What's not to respect about that.

[Caducues]

Although I agree with you spoolin on certain points you make I think you could have left the awards out of it, they are simply what one collective considers commendable. It is the action that both sides of this confict that should matter in this situation that speak loudly to the world. From what I gather the majority of the muslim followers ARE very much of what you accuse them of but their religion and the community that surrounds it cannot be generalized, It is not the word of that god that makes its people preverse but the word of a person or multiple people who wish to gain there own ends in the name of it. I do think you understand that too, it just was not properly displayed in your post. But also people of the christian faith and many other faiths commit such atrocites in the name of their diety throught out history and present. Take the war of Iraq for example, I find it justified what was done there but Jr. called out alot of actions he took in the name of god, when he should have been doing it in the name of freedom and eliminating fear. War on terror was the proper description IMO. I think the muslim people need a reality check on their level of hatred, bloodlust, and the demand of ignorance to undebatable fact, unfortunatley that will only be taught to those kind of people only with more bloodshed I think. If they were just able to see that so many other religions and people coexist with being able to agree to disagree on eachothers beliefs. Its when you damn each other and pray for your fellow brothers demise when religion and its people are RUINED.

[NotReallyTex]

I love that

[detroitjazzman]

Lets see I am not a liberal and rarely agree with you ....but I respect you a lot. You stick to your guns, even if you get bashed. What's not to respect about that.

than

,

Wow we do have something in common, as Im not a liberal either. Im am realist., and I rarely post anything that required any type of agreemen, and I've never worried about what folk said about me as long as it was the truth. I have been known to take a position on things I find injust. You cannot put me in a box. Im neither Republican nor Democrat, I vote for the best person for the Job, as I voted for Snyder to be the Govenor of the state of michigan a Republican, but I voted for Gra holm previously. I didn't vote for Obama, and I don't stereotype people.God Made Us All

When you've lives as long as I have you come to undeerstand that there are no absolutes. Im no kid trying to impress my friends, as the T-Shirt that one of my daughters bought me for fathers day says "Danger Educated Black Man" Fully capable of thinking for myself. A gift from my parents....Independant Thinker

How someone can stand on the shoulders of another class of people and proport they are superior by virtue of membership or accolades escapes me. I know a lot or people of Arab descent and find them to be peaceful people. I know folk and have relatives that practice the jewish faith and find them to be peaceful. What ever you look for in a class of people you can find someone to support whatever hypothesis you may foster.

I reflect back to September 1963, I came home from school and found my mother sprawled in the middle of the living room floor crying uncontrolably. She gained her composure when she realized we were home from school. What she said next has stayed with me. She said, because of all the hate thats happening in the south your cousin Cynthia is Dead along with three other young ladies. I was shocked, we had spent the summer down south and spent time getting to know our southern relatives. When my father came home, I told him what had happened, and my father gave me a lecture I will never forget. He told all of us (2 bro 2 sisters) Racism is a poison that kills slowly, it kills from within. It starts as a simple conversation, and festers into something that is not recognizable. Its all consuming and will tare you up. He then went on to tell us that the KKK is not any better than anyoone else, they just talk louder. Any time you find yourself feeling that one race is superior to another because of color, religion, ethnic background, you are a lost soul. To this day and hopefully for the rest of my like I will be intollerant of those that feel superior because of origin or ethnic background. Bash all you want, I will co tinue to speak my mind

[Tiffany23]

Mike..you're a Turkey...I was going to post this!!!! Oh well, great minds think alike!

Just for the record, the ying yang sign is not a Buddhism symbol. It is Taoism...which is the kissing cousin of Buddhist. Most of us follow that as well. You can read more about this symbol here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yin_and_yang

I learned soooo much on this post. Thanks everyone for pitching in!

[In Iraq]

earlier today I wrote

"You went through that long post to spew venom and racial slurs directed towards a race of people based on awards received? please tell me this was not your intention."

for which I received 13 negative tallies. Not that it matters, however, I refuse to accept a hypothesis of someone being a better group of people because of the number of awards they receive, I don carBeing born to a particular race or religion does not in and of itself create any predisposition to anything. People become who the are, based on initiative, drive, and exposure and to some extent financial.. What really gets next to me. Folks talk about GO RV, and that the iraqi people need to pull the trigger, acting like the really care about them, when in reality, their real concern is monetary. Suppression of a fundamental freedom, and particularily the freedom of speech or the freedom to say what is on your mind. It is a right I fought for and I will express my feelings without wondering if someone will give me a red minus. I guess I still don't play with children welL. We are supposed to be adults and as adults, we are never going to always agree, but I will always respect you.

I agree with this statement as far as people caring about the Iraqi people. If so send them some money, food, clothing, etc. Come on over and dedicate your time rebuilding their country. Didn't think so! As far as religions goes, there have been millions die in the name of religions. Even now the killings in Baghdad are Sunni Muslims killing Shite Muslims because the flavor is a little different in their beliefs. I treat everyone the same until you prove me different. Don't care what religion or color you are.

[BanG]

I dont know how credible this is, but it is interesting and makes a good point.

Subject: ONE BIG DIFFERENCE BETWEEN JEWS AND MUSLIMS

The Global Islamic population is approximately 1,200,000,000; that is

ONE BILLION TWO HUNDRED MILLION or 20% of the world's population.

They have received the following Nobel Prizes:

Literature:

1988 - Najib Mahfooz

Peace:

1978 - Mohamed Anwar El-Sadat

1990 - Elias James Corey

1994 - Yaser Arafat:

1999 - Ahmed Zewai

Economics:

(zero)

Physics:

(zero)

Medicine:

1960 - Peter Brian Medawar

1998 - Ferid Mourad

TOTAL: 7 (SEVEN)

The Global Jewish population is approximately 14,000,000; that is

FOURTEEN

MILLION or about 0.02% of the world's population. They have received

the following Nobel Prizes:

Literature:

1910 - Paul Heyse

1927 - Henri Bergson

1958 - Boris Pasternak

1966 - Shmuel Yosef Agnon

1966 - Nelly Sachs

1976 - Saul Bellow

1978 - Isaac Bashevis Si nger

1981 - Elias Canetti

1987 - Joseph Brodsky

1991 - Nadine Gordimer World

Peace:

1911 - Alfred Fried

1911 - Tobias Michael Carel Asser

1968 - Rene Cassin

1973 - Henry Kissinger

1978 - Menachem Begin

1986 - Elie Wiesel

1994 - Shimon Peres

1994 - Yitzhak Rabin

Physics:

1905 - Adolph Von Baeyer

1906 - Henri Moissan

1907 - Albert Abraham Michelson

1908 - Gabriel Lippmann

1910 - Otto Wallach

1915 - Richard Willstaetter

1918 - Fritz Haber

1921 - Albert Einstein

1922 - Niels Bohr

1925 - James Franck

1925 - Gustav Hertz

1943 - Gustav Stern

1943 - George Charles de Hevesy

1944 - Isidor Issac Rabi

1952 - Felix Bloch

1954 - Max Born

1958 - Igor Tamm

1959 - Emilio Segre

1960 - Donald A. Glaser

1961 - Robert Hofstadter

1961 - Melvin Calvin

1962 - Lev Davidovich Landau

1962 - Max Ferdinand Perutz

1965 - Richard Phillips Feynman

1965 - Julian Schwinger

1969 - Murray Gell-Mann

1971 - Dennis Gabor

1972 - William Howard Stein

1973 - Brian David Josephson

1975 - Ben jamin Mottleson

1976 - Burton Richter

1977 - Ilya Prigogine

1978 - Arno Allan Penzias

1978 - Peter L Kapitza

1979 - Stephen Weinberg

1979 - Sheldon Glashow

1979 - Herbert Charles Brown

1980 - Paul Berg

1980 - Walter Gilbert

1981 - Roald Hoffmann

1982 - Aaron Klug

1985 - Albert A. Hauptman

1985 - Jerome Karle

1986 - Dudley R. Herschbach

1988 - Robert Huber

1988 - Leon Lederman

1988 - Melvin Schwartz

1988 - Jack Steinberger

1989 - Si dney Altman

1990 - Jerome Friedman

1992 - Rudolph Marc us

1995 - Martin Perl

2000 - Alan J. Heeger

Economics:

1970 - Paul Anthony Samuelson

1971 - Si mon Kuznets

1972 - Kenneth Joseph Arrow

1975 - Leonid Kantorovich

1976 - Milton Friedman

1978 - Herbert A. Si mon

1980 - Lawrence Robert Klein

1985 - Franco Modigliani

1987 - Robert M. Solow

1990 - Harry Mark owitz

1990 - Merton Miller

1992 - Gary Becker

1993 - Robert Fogel

Medicine:

1908 - Elie Metchnikoff

1908 - Paul Erlich

1914 - Robert Barany

1922 - Otto Meyerhof

1930 - Karl Landsteiner

1931 - Otto Warburg

1936 - Otto Loewi

1944 - Joseph Erlanger

1944 - Herb ert Spencer Gasser

1945 - Ernst Boris Chain

1946 - Hermann Joseph Muller

1950 - Tadeus Reichstein

1952 - Selman Abraham Waksman

1953 - Hans Krebs

1953 - Fritz Albert Lipmann

1958 - Joshua Lederberg

1959 - Arthur Kornberg

1964 - Konrad Bloch

1965 - Francois Jacob

1965 - Andre Lwoff

1967 - George Wald

1968 - Marshall W. Nirenberg

1969 - Salvador Luria

1970 - Julius Axelrod

1970 - Si r Bernard Katz

1972 - Gerald Maurice Edelman

1975 - Howard Martin Temin

1976 - Baruch S. Blumberg

1977 - Roselyn Sussman Yalow

1978 - Daniel Nathans

1980 - Baruj Ben acerraf

1984 - Cesar Milstein

1985 - Michael Stuart Brown

1985 - Joseph L. Goldstein

1986 - Stanley Cohen [& Rita Levi-Montalcini]

1988 - Gertrude Elion

1989 - Harold Varmus

1991 - Erwin Neher

1991 - Bert Sakmann

1993 - Richard J. Roberts

1993 - Phillip Sharp

1994 - Alfred Gilman

1995 - Edward B. Lewis

1996- Lu Rose Iacovino

TOTAL: 129!

The Jews are NOT promoting brain washing children in military training

camps, teaching them how to blow themselves up and cause maximum deaths

of Jews and other non Muslims. The Jews don't hijack planes, nor kill

athletes at the Olympics, or blow themselves up in German restaurants.

There is NOT one single Jew who has destroyed a church. There is NOT a

single Jew who protests by killing people.

The Jews don't traffic slaves, nor have leaders calling for Jihad and

death to all the Infidels.

Perhaps the world's Muslims should consider investing more in standard

education and less in blaming the Jews for all their problems.

Muslims must ask 'what can they do for humankind' before they demand

that

humankind respects them.

Regardless of your feelings about the crisis between Israel and the

Palestinians and Arab neighbors, even if you believe there is more

culpability on Israel 's part, the following two sentences really say

it all:

'If the Arabs put down their weapons today, there would be no more

violence. If the Jews put down their weapons today, there would be no

more Israel."

Benjamin Netanyahu

General Eisenhower Warned Us

It is a matter of history that when the Supreme Commander of the Allied

Forces, General Dwight Eisenhower, found the victims of the death

camps, he ordered all possible photographs to be taken, and for the

German people from surrounding villages to be ushered through the camps

and even made to bury the dead.

He did this because he said in words to this effect:

'Get it all on record now - get the films - get the witnesses - because

somewhere down the road of history some bastard will get up and say

that this never happened'

Recently, the UK debated whether to remove The Holocaust from its

school curriculum because it 'offends' the Muslim population which

claims it never occurred. It is not removed as yet. However, this is a

frightening portent of the fear that is gripping the world and how

easily each country is giving into it.

It is now more than 60 years after the Second World War in Europe

ended. This e-mail is being sent as a memorial chain, in memory of the

6 million Jews, 20 million Russians, 10 million Christians, and 1,900

Catholic priests who were 'murdered, raped, burned, starved, beaten,

experimented on and humiliated' while the German people looked the

other way.

Now, more than ever, with Iran , among others, claiming the Holocaust

to be 'a myth,' it is imperative to make sure the world never forgets.

How many years will it be before the attack on the World Trade Center

'NEVER HAPPENED' because it offends some Muslim in the United States?

WELL SAID! SO TRUE! and who started this crap for the second time over there?

[BanG]

You went through that long post to spew venom and racial slurs directed towards a race of people based on awards received? please tell me this was not your intention.

..........You cannot be that stupid. what country do you live in? When did the term Muslim become a racial slur?

[detroitjazzman]

..........You cannot be that stupid. what country do you live in? When did the term Muslim become a racial slur?

I never called you names and......if you cannot read ask someone to read my comments to you. I'll say again. you can say anything you want to me as long as you do it respectfully...and FYI its not the word Muslim I object to, its the context of the post and what the intended message is.

Edited January 28, 2011 by detroitjazzman

[NotReallyTex]

ITS LIKE THEY SAY ABOUT JAZZ, IF YOU HAVE TO ASK YOUR NEVER GONNA KNOW

You know some people just ask because they are curious about how others feel.

Sometimes I wonder if you would know sincerity if it walked up and bit you in the azz.................

[Caducues]

Thanks Tiff and Tex! I see these all the time as bumper stickers on the back of cars and who ever created them I really do admire very clever and good simple meaning. And thank you Tiff for clearing that up I thought it was inaccurate too but didnt know what the proper symbol of buddhism is, so call me a blasphemous infidel why dont you! still thought it would be appropriate for the thread. and im proud to say i beat ya too it tiff but thanks for coming in today it appears the old man beat the young mayfly to the punch

I have really enjoyed everyone's input and glad the mods have deemed this an appropriate thread and have not locked it even though there was a little bit of flaming here and there. seems we collected a lot of intelligent level headed people on this site that have good powerful and appropriate opinions as of late.

[Slaydadea]

Wow! This one's getting pretty intense here. Waddaya say Mods? Is this really why we're here?

[Tiffany23]

Well Ok if you insist " Mike, alias Caducues, is a blasphemous infidel. " He doesn't know diddly squat about Taoism, he actually had the nerve to label it Buddhism.

I am so humiliated and demand, yes I DEMAND he immediately buy me a strawberry milkshake with EXTRA whipcream and atleast 2 cherries. If I don't get this immediately, I'm going to rush home and bite my pillow!

See, Mike, we can be as childish as everyone else! ha ha Relax folks, it's Friday and we may very well be filthy rich soon...why worry? Is this worth getting worked up about?

By the way...Mike where IS my milkshake!

[NotReallyTex]

Wow! This one's getting pretty intense here. Waddaya say Mods? Is this really why we're here?

Really

I thought it was going good. We can't always agree but we can all agree to disagree.

[Soldiering4U]

No offiance to anyone on here I respect you all and your opinions but can we get a mod to close this thread I can just seeing this get out of hand real fast if much more name calling happens

[Caducues]

Ill tell ya what tiff if we get a rate the makes or exceeds a million in my pocket ill buy you a $5K strawberry milk shake with two! YES TWO! Ready for this? Ladies on top of your choosing. What do you say to that? Anything less than that... the milk shake is on Tex

Btw before anyone gets angry at this its a inside joke between tiff and I.

Edited January 29, 2011 by Caducues

[umbertino]

I dont know how credible this is, but it is interesting and makes a good point.

Subject: ONE BIG DIFFERENCE BETWEEN JEWS AND MUSLIMS

The Global Islamic population is approximately 1,200,000,000; that is

ONE BILLION TWO HUNDRED MILLION or 20% of the world's population.

They have received the following Nobel Prizes:

Literature:

1988 - Najib Mahfooz

Peace:

1978 - Mohamed Anwar El-Sadat

1990 - Elias James Corey

1994 - Yaser Arafat:

1999 - Ahmed Zewai

Economics:

(zero)

Physics:

(zero)

Medicine:

1960 - Peter Brian Medawar

1998 - Ferid Mourad

TOTAL: 7 (SEVEN)

The Global Jewish population is approximately 14,000,000; that is

FOURTEEN

MILLION or about 0.02% of the world's population. They have received

the following Nobel Prizes:

Literature:

1910 - Paul Heyse

1927 - Henri Bergson

1958 - Boris Pasternak

1966 - Shmuel Yosef Agnon

1966 - Nelly Sachs

1976 - Saul Bellow

1978 - Isaac Bashevis Si nger

1981 - Elias Canetti

1987 - Joseph Brodsky

1991 - Nadine Gordimer World

Peace:

1911 - Alfred Fried

1911 - Tobias Michael Carel Asser

1968 - Rene Cassin

1973 - Henry Kissinger

1978 - Menachem Begin

1986 - Elie Wiesel

1994 - Shimon Peres

1994 - Yitzhak Rabin

Physics:

1905 - Adolph Von Baeyer

1906 - Henri Moissan

1907 - Albert Abraham Michelson

1908 - Gabriel Lippmann

1910 - Otto Wallach

1915 - Richard Willstaetter

1918 - Fritz Haber

1921 - Albert Einstein

1922 - Niels Bohr

1925 - James Franck

1925 - Gustav Hertz

1943 - Gustav Stern

1943 - George Charles de Hevesy

1944 - Isidor Issac Rabi

1952 - Felix Bloch

1954 - Max Born

1958 - Igor Tamm

1959 - Emilio Segre

1960 - Donald A. Glaser

1961 - Robert Hofstadter

1961 - Melvin Calvin

1962 - Lev Davidovich Landau

1962 - Max Ferdinand Perutz

1965 - Richard Phillips Feynman

1965 - Julian Schwinger

1969 - Murray Gell-Mann

1971 - Dennis Gabor

1972 - William Howard Stein

1973 - Brian David Josephson

1975 - Ben jamin Mottleson

1976 - Burton Richter

1977 - Ilya Prigogine

1978 - Arno Allan Penzias

1978 - Peter L Kapitza

1979 - Stephen Weinberg

1979 - Sheldon Glashow

1979 - Herbert Charles Brown

1980 - Paul Berg

1980 - Walter Gilbert

1981 - Roald Hoffmann

1982 - Aaron Klug

1985 - Albert A. Hauptman

1985 - Jerome Karle

1986 - Dudley R. Herschbach

1988 - Robert Huber

1988 - Leon Lederman

1988 - Melvin Schwartz

1988 - Jack Steinberger

1989 - Si dney Altman

1990 - Jerome Friedman

1992 - Rudolph Marc us

1995 - Martin Perl

2000 - Alan J. Heeger

Economics:

1970 - Paul Anthony Samuelson

1971 - Si mon Kuznets

1972 - Kenneth Joseph Arrow

1975 - Leonid Kantorovich

1976 - Milton Friedman

1978 - Herbert A. Si mon

1980 - Lawrence Robert Klein

1985 - Franco Modigliani

1987 - Robert M. Solow

1990 - Harry Mark owitz

1990 - Merton Miller

1992 - Gary Becker

1993 - Robert Fogel

Medicine:

1908 - Elie Metchnikoff

1908 - Paul Erlich

1914 - Robert Barany

1922 - Otto Meyerhof

1930 - Karl Landsteiner

1931 - Otto Warburg

1936 - Otto Loewi

1944 - Joseph Erlanger

1944 - Herb ert Spencer Gasser

1945 - Ernst Boris Chain

1946 - Hermann Joseph Muller

1950 - Tadeus Reichstein

1952 - Selman Abraham Waksman

1953 - Hans Krebs

1953 - Fritz Albert Lipmann

1958 - Joshua Lederberg

1959 - Arthur Kornberg

1964 - Konrad Bloch

1965 - Francois Jacob

1965 - Andre Lwoff

1967 - George Wald

1968 - Marshall W. Nirenberg

1969 - Salvador Luria

1970 - Julius Axelrod

1970 - Si r Bernard Katz

1972 - Gerald Maurice Edelman

1975 - Howard Martin Temin

1976 - Baruch S. Blumberg

1977 - Roselyn Sussman Yalow

1978 - Daniel Nathans

1980 - Baruj Ben acerraf

1984 - Cesar Milstein

1985 - Michael Stuart Brown

1985 - Joseph L. Goldstein

1986 - Stanley Cohen [& Rita Levi-Montalcini]

1988 - Gertrude Elion

1989 - Harold Varmus

1991 - Erwin Neher

1991 - Bert Sakmann

1993 - Richard J. Roberts

1993 - Phillip Sharp

1994 - Alfred Gilman

1995 - Edward B. Lewis

1996- Lu Rose Iacovino

TOTAL: 129!

The Jews are NOT promoting brain washing children in military training

camps, teaching them how to blow themselves up and cause maximum deaths

of Jews and other non Muslims. The Jews don't hijack planes, nor kill

athletes at the Olympics, or blow themselves up in German restaurants.

There is NOT one single Jew who has destroyed a church. There is NOT a

single Jew who protests by killing people.

The Jews don't traffic slaves, nor have leaders calling for Jihad and

death to all the Infidels.

Perhaps the world's Muslims should consider investing more in standard

education and less in blaming the Jews for all their problems.

Muslims must ask 'what can they do for humankind' before they demand

that

humankind respects them.

Regardless of your feelings about the crisis between Israel and the

Palestinians and Arab neighbors, even if you believe there is more

culpability on Israel 's part, the following two sentences really say

it all:

'If the Arabs put down their weapons today, there would be no more

violence. If the Jews put down their weapons today, there would be no

more Israel."

Benjamin Netanyahu

General Eisenhower Warned Us

It is a matter of history that when the Supreme Commander of the Allied

Forces, General Dwight Eisenhower, found the victims of the death

camps, he ordered all possible photographs to be taken, and for the

German people from surrounding villages to be ushered through the camps

and even made to bury the dead.

He did this because he said in words to this effect:

'Get it all on record now - get the films - get the witnesses - because

somewhere down the road of history some bastard will get up and say

that this never happened'

Recently, the UK debated whether to remove The Holocaust from its

school curriculum because it 'offends' the Muslim population which

claims it never occurred. It is not removed as yet. However, this is a

frightening portent of the fear that is gripping the world and how

easily each country is giving into it.

It is now more than 60 years after the Second World War in Europe

ended. This e-mail is being sent as a memorial chain, in memory of the

6 million Jews, 20 million Russians, 10 million Christians, and 1,900

Catholic priests who were 'murdered, raped, burned, starved, beaten,

experimented on and humiliated' while the German people looked the

other way.

Now, more than ever, with Iran , among others, claiming the Holocaust

to be 'a myth,' it is imperative to make sure the world never forgets.

How many years will it be before the attack on the World Trade Center

'NEVER HAPPENED' because it offends some Muslim in the United States?

I don't agree with that. I find it more or less subtly racist and some assumptions you make on some ( not all) Jews I deem untrue. The Jews are not promoting brain-washing. Hmmm.. I don't know about that one. Some indeed are promoting that and worse. And if we want to talk about the touchy subject of fanatism, well, I'd say that Arab and Jewish fanatics can really hold hands as both are extremely un-reasoning to put it mildly . I'm talking about the most extreme elements in both Groups, not just everybody.

Edited January 29, 2011 by umbertino

[RiverStyx]

Another fine example of the Public Non-Education System in the US.......muslim is NOT A RACE!

Great Post, especially if the lefties pull out the race card. lmao

Watch this video and then tell us who is spewing hatred. Then ask yourself why our president and lefties defend Muslims more then they defend Christians and Jews; common goals?(Death to America by 1000 cuts)

Oh, isn’t that lovely? The President of the United States, fresh back from his trip where he insulted victims of Islamic terrorism, ignored Veteran’s Day, paid homage to Islam at mosques, and criticized Israel, is now wishing the Muslim world a “peaceful Eid” holiday….

There are times like this for which one can only rock one's head from right to left in slack-jawed amazement, and say you just can't make this sh*t up.

While the Hajj pilgrims chant "Death to America," "Death to Israel" - the naive, incompetent, anti-Israel/pro-Muslim U.S. president says:

On Eid, Muslims around the world will commemorate Abraham's willingness to sacrifice his son, and distribute food to those less fortunate - a reminder of the shared values and the common roots of three of the world's major religions.

http://www.uncoverag...holiday-wishes/

We didn't see this one coming. We've been paying attention to other things. Muslims around the world are organizing and attacking our culture. Shari'a Law is bigger than the Ground Zero Mosque.

Official Islam watchers claim that by 2018 Shari'a Law will eclipse our American Way of Life. The 1st cut in America's slow death is our lax immigration system. The 2nd cut is removing Christ from Christmas because it offends Muslims. The 3rd death cut is Mosques being built all over America with oil money. A Ground Zero Mosque would show the world Islam's Victory over the Infidels.

Rich Carroll

Tue Aug 24, 2010

Subject; Barry Soetoro – Leading a Thousand Muslim Cuts

www.morningliberty.com

A gutless American population stood-by and allowed this to happen. A generation of historically inept citizens who were preoccupied with Hollywood glitorillia and electronic gadgetry didn’t see the final tiny cut that would cause their death. These people did not know sharia law classes were being taught at their local taxpayer funded university. They did not know the word “God” had been removed from all textbooks and that liberal and Arabic publishers greased with Islam oil dollars, framed Islam as “peaceful” by distorting history within the pages of their books. Parents did not see the slow indoctrination performed on their children behind the walls of the local elementary school.

These parents did not care because in the daily news media reviews of “slaughter” by Islam, they clung to some psychotic belief that “most Muslims are peaceful.”

The gutless generation of Americans were too consumed with frivolous pursuits to take a peek at the history and goals of Islam. These Americans had never felt the sting of battle or the sacrifice for liberty. America had a generation of people who couldn’t find Athens on a map, let-alone realize this once great Greek culture collapsed because of traitorous politicians, and a populace hungry for pornography, homosexuality, drugs, secular humanism and the pursuit of whatever made them “happy” without thought to being vigilant for preservation.

When a generation of people allows their cross and flag to be removed because it “offends” a foreign visitor, they have pretty much bled to death. A generation not worthy of the sacrifices made to keep them free and oblivious to the small cuts don’t deserve what we had. Someone turn out the lights and bury the flag. At least under ground it won’t be burned by a “peaceful” Muslim.

Well Ok if you insist " Mike, alias Caducues, is a blasphemous infidel. " He doesn't know diddly squat about Taoism, he actually had the nerve to label it Buddhism.

I am so humiliated and demand, yes I DEMAND he immediately buy me a strawberry milkshake with EXTRA whipcream and atleast 2 cherries. If I don't get this immediately, I'm going to rush home and bite my pillow!

See, Mike, we can be as childish as everyone else! ha ha Relax folks, it's Friday and we may very well be filthy rich soon...why worry? Is this worth getting worked up about?

By the way...Mike where IS my milkshake!

All this mass confusion, good people are good. Bad people are bad........ lol the earth is to populated for its own good and can about no longer provide for its own so....................

KILL EM ALL AND LET GOD SORT IT OUT LOL OR AS THE SPEC OPS SAY, IT IS NOT MY JOB TO JUDGE YOU, I AM NOT GOD. IT IS ONLY MY JOB TO ARRANGE THE MEETING.

AHHAHAHAHAHAHAHHA

[Funky Cold Medinar]

If you will forgive me, but I can't be quiet on this one. I have had the honor of being around all the major religions and all of them are AWESOME. I actually lived in Turkey, as well as often traveled to Bahrain and Kuwait. I have also been to Israel several times and currently have a Jewish roommate. So....just a few tidbits.

The Musliums were the creaters of Algebra. You can read about it here: http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Who_invented_algebra

Without algebra you can pretty much kiss engineering and science good by. By the way, the Hindus were the first ones to think up the term zero You can read about that here: http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Who_invented_number_zero

The Musliums have a very deep history in the arts as well. Some of their love poems make shakespeare look like something a second grader wrote.

In traveling to over 75 countries, Turkey was by far the most friendly people I have ever had an opportunity to get to know. It is almost a sin for them to be rude to a stranger. Pls don't fuel the fire with sterotyping them all as radicals. It's like them looking at us and thinking all American Christians are like the Ku Klux Klan.

The Jews are just as AWESOME. I won't bore you all with my dealings with them...but I just wanted to say my peace.

As Tiny Tim would say "God bless us, everyone!"

And a well said piece it was, BEAUTIFUL! ALL people, ALL races, the ONLY race, the human race is beautiful!

Countless blessings and endless peace to THE HUMAN RACE....GO RV!