Sector

If You are right then this statement applies everybody. Meaning when you and other DV members posting on this tread are "convinced in their thought process, it does not matter what else is presented! "

A revaluation has nothing to do with a RD. The CBI has not said a thing about the RV if they did can you please tell me what the rate and what the date is? The CBI only stated they are going to remove the zero's from the new currency and RD the new currency 1000 times. Meaning 50 dinar note will equal 50000 dinars, at the current exchange rate of 1166 to $1. There are to different exchange rates: 1. the exchange rate to the dollar 1166 to $1 2. the exchange rate between the new and old currency which is 1:1000 I have no clue where you get your numbers from.

Not sure what you mean by "they almost go hand in hand"? Redenominations generally involves reducing the value of the currency. Not sure what you mean by "exchange rate of the dinar we hold now"? The exchange rate compared to the dollar would be the same for both new and old currency. The exchange rate the CBI is referring when they say 1:1000 is between new and old currency. Has nothing to do with the exchange rate to the $ dollar. Not sure what you mean by "you wont be able to take your 25k note and exchange it for 25,000 NEW dinar"? I'm not planning to exchange my 25000 dinar for new currency. The CBI stated that both currency will co-exsit for 1 year and the old currecny in which i have will be good for 10 years. Turkey redenomination? What about it? In January 2005, Turkey replaced its currency (the Lira) with the ìNew Turkish Liraî (YTL), with a conversion rate of one million old lira to one new lira. Then they phased out the old lira over a period of time. Not sure how it relates to Iraq. Since 1960 governments have redenominated their currencies on approximately 70 occasions. RD is just a redenomination of the value of currency. They are going to print new currency with out the zero's and then they are going to RD the face value of the new currency times 1000. They haven't said anything about revaluation of of the Irqai dinar. If they did can you please tell me the rate and the date? December 10, 2004 REDENOMINATION OF TURKISH LIRA Effective 1 January 2005, the Republic of Turkey will redenominate its currency by dropping six zeros. Turkey's currency will be renamed "New Turkish Lira" and "New Kuruş", with one hundred New Kuruş equal to one New Lira. It is intended that the term "New" will eventually be dropped. Turkey has also made announcements concerning rounding, references to old lira in legal documents, and Turkish tax. Information about the redenomination has been published by the Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey and is available in English at http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/eng/ under the heading "New Turkish Lira". Following consultations with Turkish counsel, Ahmed Pekin of Pekin & Pekin, and New York and English counsel at Allen & Overy LLP, the Association understands the following: • No plans exist to eliminate any Turkish lira rates or rate panels. • No changes will be made to the days on which Turkish banks and settlement systems are scheduled to be open. • No plans exist to redenominate any outstanding Turkish bonds. We understand that many ISDA members have already begun taking steps to prepare their systems to receive New Turkish Lira, and, in the case of outstanding trades, to adjust for the redenomination. Other members may wish to take similar steps in this regard and notify their counterparties to inform them of the redenomination, if they have not already done so. It is worth noting that the redenomination of Turkish lira involves a relatively straightforward change involving a single currency. In contrast, the participation of multiple currencies in the euro raised concerns about frustration of outstanding contracts, especially with regard to the elimination of the commercial purpose of transactions designed to allocate exchange rate risk between two participating currencies. These continuity concerns, and some of the concomitant tax and accounting concerns, are not expected to arise with the redenomination of Turkish lira. Under the governing law of the ISDA Master Agreements (either New York or English law), the redenomination would be extremely unlikely to constitute the type of radical transformation or impossibility necessary to frustrate an outstanding contract. In addition, as a matter of Turkish law, all references to old Turkish currency in legal documents shall be considered to have been made to New Turkish Lira. It is expected that New York and English law would operate in a similar way by reference to this Turkish rule of law regarding Turkey's lawful currency (the lex monetae), assuring the continuity of outstanding Turkish lira contracts. ISDAInternational Swaps and Derivatives Association, Inc. 2 Members should note the following documentation issues that have come to our attention: • The definition of "Turkish Lira" found in Section 1.7(ag) of the Annex to the 2000 ISDA Definitions (June 2000 version) and in Section 4.3(bj) of Annex A to the 1998 FX and Currency Option Definitions (September 2000 version) states that "'Turkish Lira' and 'TRL' each means the lawful currency of the Republic of Turkey". Members should note that the ISO code for New Turkish Lira will be "TRY", and Turkey will have both TRL and TRY as currency codes in 2005. The Association is already working with EMTA, Inc. and the Foreign Exchange Committee with regard to the definition of Turkish Lira found in Section 4.3(bj). • The rounding rule for Turkish Lira found in Section 8.2 of the Annex to the 2000 ISDA Definitions (June 2000 version) states, "Round to the nearest whole Turkish Lira (with one half Turkish Lira being rounded up)". Members should note that the redenomination will mean that the appropriate rounding rule may instead be to round to the nearest New Kuruş. This would be consistent with the approach to be taken in Turkey's domestic markets. For outstanding trades, members may wish to clarify this point with their counterparties. For trades on or after 1 January 2005, at least until such time as the Annex is updated, members may wish to address this point in their confirmations. At this time, no other documentation issues regarding New Lira have been brought to our attention. Please do not hesitate to contact Katherine Darras at kdarras@isda.org if you have any questions. Turkey has nothing to do with Iraq. Iraq RV process is good to go!!! 25000 Iraqi dinar note will always be worth 25000 dinars!!!!!

Deleting the zero's has nothing to do with the old currency in which we have. 25000 iraq dinar note will always be worth 25000 dinars. Revaluation is not the same thing as a Redenomination period. A revaluation and redenomination are not the same thing no matter how you look at it. The CBI is stating that they will print new currency with out the zero's. They never said anything about revaluation of the Iraqi dinar. 25000 Iraqi dinar will always be worth 25000 dinars I say again revaluation is not the same thing as a redenomination. They totally two different meanings. CBI state that they will print new currency with out the zero's then the exchange rate between the new and old currency would be 1:1000. Meaning that a new 50 dinar note would be worth 50000. They never said anything about revaluation of the dinar. 25000 Iraqi dinar note will always be worth 25000 dinars.

Sorry I think you only ruin your Monday. I'm good here. GO RV!!! I never kid myself. The are RV and the redenomination are not the same thing. To separate events. A redenomination has nothing to do with a revaluation. Totally two separate meanings. Neither one effects us in a negative way. Can you please tell me when the CBI is going to revalue the Iraq dinar and what the rate is going to be? Since you know this information already?

I didnt mention anything about 1 to 1. I don't know the new rate and I don't know when it will happen. Everything is based off the current exchange rate of 1166 to $1. Now if you are referring to post RV numbers that is a totally different issue. IMO you have to keep them as a separate event. One event will be printing new currency without the 3 zero's. CBI stated it will happen by sept 2012. One event will be a revaluation of the Iraq dinar. I have no clue when it will happen and what the rate will be. A 25000 Iraqi dinar note will always be worth 25000 dinars. IMO

I didnt mention the anything about 1 to 1. I don't know the new rate and I don't know when it will happen. Everything is based off the current exchange rate of 1166 to $1. I'm not sure what you mean by stating that 25000 note is not worth 25000 dinars. A 25000 note is worth 25000 dinars.

Redenomination Redenomination is the process of changing the face value of banknotes or coins used in circulating currency. http://en.m.wikipedi.../Redenomination Definition of 'Redenomination' 1. The process whereby a country's currency is recalibrated due to significant inflation and currency devaluation. Certain currencies have been redenominated a number of times over the last century for various reasons. 2. The process of changing the currency value on a financial security. Investopedia explains 'Redenomination' 1. For example, the Bulgarian lev was redenominated due to inflation arising at the end of the Second World War. After the redenomination, one "new" lev was equal to 100 "old" levs. The lev was redenominated three times in the twentieth http://www.investope...p#axzz1nXftYJZ0 Redenomination A reduction in the face value of a currency that a government or central bank makes because of hyperinflation or chronic weakness as a currency. For example, a country may declare that a "new" dollar is worth 1,000 "old" dollars and print new denominations reflecting this change. This may or may not stem the tide of inflation, depending on how the redenomination is approached and what other steps are taken. http://financial-dic...=Redenomination From what I'm getting from the articles the CBI is stating that they will print new currency without the 3 zero' s. IMO has nothing to do with the old currency. The redenomation only effects the new currency exchange rate compared to the old currency. In the article that stated the exchange rate between the new and old currency will be 1:1000 Meaning that a new 50 dinar note will have the valve of 50000. ( 50 x 1000) This is at the current exchange rate of 1166 to $1. IMO 25000 note will always be worth 25000 dinars. Deleting the zeros only effects the new currency because that's the currency they are removing the zero's from.

Link don't work for me I tired 10x

No you are trying to promote propaganda which is anti RV. I'm not exchanging my dinars Until the RV. If anybody is really believing you that is like believing okie and the boys. This is just entertainment for me until the RV happens.

If anybody is actually listening to these lop gurus that is like listening to okie and the boys. The lop gurus / lopsters are here to promote propaganda which is anti RV. This sit back and enjoy the RV ride. dvforumuser What time dose your co-worker dinarck start today I can't wait for him to spend his weekend promoting a lop like you are doing. Do you guys get paided overtime? "Propaganda is a form of communication that is aimed at influencing the attitude of a community toward some cause. dvforumuser what is your cause? http://www.umflint.e...rry/Money7a.htm LAW OF ONE PRICE (LOP): starting point for understanding ex-rates in the LR. Also called the "price equalization principle": for homogeneous, identical goods, the price of the commodity should be the same (equalize) throughout the world, especially when barriers to trade, transactions costs and transportation costs are low. Says that foreign prices (Pf ), domestic prices (Pd) and ex-rates (e) are linked through the Law of One Price which says: Pd ($) = e * Pf (£) , where e = $ / £. LOP says that similar products should sell for the same price in both countries, after converting the foreign price into dollars. Example: Price of gold in U.S. = $260 (Pd) , Price of gold in Canada = C$400 (Pf) and e = $0.65 / C$. LOP holds: $260 = ($.65/C$) x C$400, says that gold sells for the same price ($260/ounce) in both the U.S. and Canada, after converting the foreign price into $. The price of gold should equalize around the world and sell for about the same price everywhere: $260/ounce. What if somewhere in the world, P < $260/oz, what would happen? What if somewhere in the world, P > $260, what would happen? ARBITRAGE: Riskless profits from exploiting price discrepancies. Example: What if gold was cheaper in Canada than in US? In U.S., P=$260 and in Canada, P = $255? [Pd ($) > e * Pf (C$)] Two effects: 1) People would _________ gold in Canada, __________ gold in U.S. Price in Canada would __________ and price in U.S. would _____________. 2) People would first buy __________ to buy Canadian gold, and would also sell _________ to buy Canadian dollars. Can $ would ________, US $ would ________, ex-rate ($/C$) would ___________. Law of One Price would be restored, through an adjustment in gold prices here and in Canada, and through an adjustment in the ex-rate. Law of One Price holds most strongly for: homogeneous, traded goods like commodities such as: gold, silver, wheat, steel, copper, oil, aluminum, cotton, etc. and financial assets like Treasury securities, bank CDs, etc. In fact, most of the currency trading is for financial transactions, not commodities. Also Law of One Price assumes frictionless trading. If we introduce frictions like tariffs, taxes, transportation costs, commissions, shipping, insurance, etc., the Law of One Price may not always hold. Also, many goods and services may be non-tradeable items like haircuts and golf lessons. Law of One Price is a starting point for ex-rates, illustrates one aspect of how international trade affects ex-rates. Time for me to get back to getting more friends of mine to by dinars before the RV.

Wow you still on duty? Are you getting paid overtime? What time you get off? You guys need a union rep. Wow you still on duty? Are you getting paid overtime? What time you get off? You guys need a union rep.

Wow you really have plenty of free time to really sit there and type all of the lop guru information. Thanks for for your concern for on how i spend my money and what i believe in. I can't spend to much time here I have to go tell as many people I can to invest in the Iraqi dinars before it RV's. I want to thank you again for spending you Friday night reassuring me that it will RV. I can't wait to read the books that will be written on this process of the RV. Then I will be able to find out who you really work for. You are good at your job you must get paid very well, but I figure you have more invested in the Iraqi dinars them most members of DV. And yes I'm on this site at 5am early Saturday morning because im a RV'er in the waiting.

I'm going to buy more dinars. That's what's I'm getting from this forum.

This is from 2003 it gives a break down on the process of how we got to this point. http://www.nps.edu/Academics/centers/ccc/publications/OnlineJournal/2003/may03/middleEast.html A Monetary/Exchange Rate Strategy for the Reconstruction of Iraq Introduction As the military conflict for Iraq concluded, a new battle began over the best way to rebuild the Iraqi economy. On the one side are those who believe that, by establishing proper institutions and rules, the Iraqis will be able to rebuild their own economy without an extended period of outside oversight and massive financial assistance. Another side sees the necessity of substantial infusions of foreign assistance and technical support over an extended period of time. A possible third group primarily led by the French and Russians feels that a new Iraqi government should set a high priority on paying back the tens of billions of dollars in loans taken by Saddam's government (Rahn 2003). While differing somewhat on ends and means, no doubt all sides would agree that any recovery of the Iraqi economy will entail successfully addressing a daunting set of tasks: Repairing a wrecked and neglected banking system that currently has at least three currencies in circulation: "Swiss" dinars," "Saadam" dinars, and now U.S. dollars. Beginning servicing and restructuring of the country's massive national debt. Resurrecting a whole spectrum of dilapidated industries. Revitalizing a declining and neglected agricultural sector. Propelling an economy based largely on cash, barter and international assistance into the 21st century. Reestablishing a consuming middle class that has all but disappeared. Diversifying an economy that currently depends upon a single commodity, oil. Replacing graft and corruption with a streamlined government that can collect taxes and enforce contracts. Commencing privatizing of inefficient public enterprises. Although forging the country's economic recovery will be a daunting task, a number of lessons are apparent from the experiences of former-Soviet-block countries, as well as the reform programs of many of the formerly inward-oriented Latin American economies. Over the last several decades, more than a dozen countries, ranging from Chile to Poland, have gone through a transition from stagnant socialist to vibrant free-market democratic economies. Although each of these countries is unique in many regards, there are enough similarities to provide a rough understanding of what works and what doesn't. Uppermost is the establishment of the rule of law, an honest court system, and the protection of private property. Those formerly socialist countries that continued to have a corrupt and uncertain judicial system have had poor economic performance despite considerable economic reform. If private property rights are not protected, few will invest (Economist, "Rebuilding Iraq" April 17, 2003). Another lesson learned from the transition economy experience is that progress will be difficult without the creation of a sound monetary system. Iraq has suffered very high rates of inflation in recent years but, given the oil wealth of the country, a sound currency could be quickly created. One obvious solution is to simply dollarize (or even euroize) the economy (Hanke, 2003). This could be done even before the creation of a new central bank. Specifically, simply let the dollar (or euro) circulate as the principal means of payment, with the money supply, as in the old gold standard, ultimately determined by the country's balance of payments position. Several countries including Panama, Ecuador and El Salvador currently use the dollar as their official currency. Another alternative would be the creation of a new Iraqi dinar. Here a set of follow-on issues entail: (a) what rules should be used by an Iraqi Central Bank in issuing new dinars? and ( how should the exchange rate be set with regard to other currencies? The sections below focus on these issues in an attempt to identify the best monetary system for facilitating Iraq's reconstruction, restructuring, and future economic growth. Situation Immediately Following the End of the Conflict The country's twenty-four million people are currently struggling to subsist in an economy based largely on cash, barter and international handouts. As Veith (April 12, 2003) notes "The nation is hobbled by high unemployment, poverty, spiraling inflation, and rampant corruption. Its middle class has all but disappeared. Taxes go uncollected, contracts unpaid. Agriculture has withered and other industries have collapsed. There are no official budgets or economic statistics. The government depends almost wholly on exports of a single commodity, petroleum, subject to sharp price swings." Of particular concern is the country's external debt. While a precise figure is unavailable, the country's external financial obligations consist roughly of: $127 billion in debt, $57 billion in pending contracts (mostly with Russian companies), and $27 billion in compensation due to victims of the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait. Debts to Kuwait are estimated at around $17 billion, to other Gulf States $30 billion, and to Russia around $12 billion (Stelzer 1993). Another problem area is the country's entire financial system. Baghdad's financial district is a mass of blown-out vaults, burned-out buildings, and broken glass. All nine floors of the Iraqi Central Bank have collapsed into a hollow shell. Decades ago, Iraq's financial system was one of the region's most modern; its pool of well-educated technocrats helped other Middle Eastern countries, such as Jordan, establish their central banks. Unfortunately, the system was run into the ground by Saddam Hussein, who treated the Central Bank as his own private account. Under Hussein, the Bank lost its independent power to regulate exchange rates and interest rates. Before the war, there were a few private banks, but the system was dominated by four state-run lenders. Baath Party loyalists received preferential loans from these banks. However, few Iraqis had bank deposits because of fear of seizure (Greimel, 2003). In short, a whole new financial system will have to be created as part of the early reconstruction effort. Initial Steps towards Reconstruction At the end of the war, work on these problems began across a wide set of fronts: 1. One of the key missions of the U.S. Treasury department's advance team in Iraq has been to gather basic information (Davis and Pope, 2003) about economic conditions in the country so that officials in Washington can make intelligent decisions about the best path to take towards alleviating bottlenecks and encouraging private participation. This fact-finding draws on Treasury expertise gained in assessing the prospects of many of the former Soviet economies at the time of their independence. 2. Immediate tasks include paying government salaries, determining the dinar's value, and establishing U.S. oversight of Iraq's central bank, Finance Ministry and other key agencies. 3. Concurrently, officials in Washington and perhaps the United Nations are expected to take initial steps to restore oil production, launch public works projects, mobilize donors, seek debt relief, stabilize the currency, cover balance-of-payments shortfalls, provide investment safeguards and help draft a government budget. 4. Although vague at this time (Duncan 2003), the international community is also expected to encourage the new government of Iraq to pursue ambitious longer-term reforms, such as modernizing commercial banking, reforming, the tax system, lowering tariffs and other trade restrictions, soliciting foreign investment, pursuing industrial diversification and privatizing government-run industries. Currency Instability An immediate concern has been the country's chaotic currency situation. After the Gulf War, Iraq replaced the old "Swiss" dinars (as they were known because they were printed in Switzerland) with "Saddam" dinars, and then printed ever larger quantities to make up for the government's chronic budget shortfalls. Though the government maintained the official exchange rate of Saddam dinars at 0.3 to the dollar, the black market exchange rate reached 2,000 to the dollar by the time Coalition Forces attacked Iraq. By the end of April 2003, their value is around 3,000 to the dollar. Although not printed since 1990, the older, "Swiss" dinars continue to circulate in the autonomous Kurdish regions of northern Iraq. Most are ragged, sometimes held together with tape, and there is no central bank that controls their supply—they simply re-circulate in the regions (Andrews, 2003). Through March 2003 and into early April of this year, speculative buying had doubled the dollar value of these "Swiss" dinars. U.S. Treasury officials are in the process of assessing the possibilities for printing new batches of the Swiss dinars in either Iraq or abroad. Although Iraq did have printing and engraving plants, officials say they do not yet know how many of them are still functional or whether they can produce bills with modern anti-counterfeiting features like holograms (Andrews, 2003). Until a new system is established, the dollar will also be an "official" currency. The dollar has circulated widely in Iraq for years. By some estimates, Treasury officials say, as much as $500 million may have been circulating before the war. Small denomination dollars notes will be put into circulation through "emergency" payments to hundreds of thousands of Iraqi civil servants in an effort to quiet civic unrest and to stabilize the economy (Associated Press, 2003). American officials are working with finance and postal ministry officials from Saddam Hussein's government to figure out appropriate wages. Under the Hussein regime, the central government tightly controlled wages and prices. Setting wages too high could worsen inflation that is already running at about 70% annually. At first, the Iraqi workers will be given $20 each in $1 and $5 bills. That is a large sum in Iraq, where a midlevel oil professional with a chemical degree used to make the equivalent of $50 a month. Also with no central bank or functional commercial banking system, the U.S. Agency for International Development will begin offering loans of between $100 and $250,000 to individual entrepreneurs and to small to medium-sized businesses. With no central bank or economic mechanisms to control the volume of dollars in circulation however, there is no assurance that inflation can be curbed, or resources allocated efficiently. Clearly, a top priority in reconstruction will have to be the establishment of a central bank that can oversee the country's monetary and financial system. Possible Exchange Rate Regimes for Iraq With the establishment of a central bank, the first issue at hand is whether it should immediately begin to issue its own currency. If it does, what are the policy options available? Which are superior? While a whole spectrum of flexible exchange rate systems are possible—managed flexible rates, gliding bands, adjustable pegs, etc.—given the dearth of financial and administrative expertise to properly manage a flexible rate system this option can be immediately ruled out as providing the stability needed over the next decade or so for reconstruction, though they are certainly realistic alternatives after the country has developed a sound financial system and is integrated into the global economy. Given this reality, the discussion below will be confined to the relative advantages and disadvantages of possible fixed rate systems. Currency Union: If Iraq opted for this option, a foreign currency would act as legal tender. Monetary policy would simply be delegated to the anchor (country of currency origin); the currency that circulates domestically would be literally the same as that circulating in one of the major economies, probably the dollar or possibly the euro. The motivation underlying this choice would be to get the maximum credibility for inflation-resistant monetary policy. Clearly maximum credibility derives from the fact that the country simply did not have a monetary policy because it lacked a currency to print. In technical terms it would largely eliminate the occurrence of a phenomenon that economists have dubbed the "time-inconsistency problem"—the fact that a government's incentive today to keep inflation low does not mean that a government will have the same incentive tomorrow. For example, one of the new political parties in Iraq may be elected on the promise that it will reduce inflation. After a few years in office, but before the next election, the party may begin to reconsider its original position. It will realize that it can probably gain additional political support if it increases the money supply to pay for extra social programs without directly taxing citizens. Moreover, inflation will not become apparent until after the elections. The problem for the government is that over time people are not stupid. After the first bout of inflation, individuals will anticipate from the start the government's incentive to inflate before its term is over—the voters may never lower their inflation expectations. The problem is compounded when the government in power today may not be the government in power tomorrow. Consequently, any anti-inflation statements that a political party makes will not be believed. This is the essence of the time-inconsistency problem and why governments, in order to create a credible anti-inflation policy, may want to have an independent central bank that does not have the same incentives to inflate as do elected members of government. An independent central bank (or in this case the lack of a central bank) can make it more difficult if not impossible for current and future governments to change course on monetary policy. Use of another country's currency would not be without its own set of problems. These fall in three main categories. First, the optimal currency area literature suggests that real shocks (for example terms of trade shocks) are better accommodated through flexible exchange rates, and nominal shocks (for example money demand shocks) through fixed exchange rates. Iraq would no doubt experience greater external than internal shocks during most of the reconstruction process. Because the country has virtually no money markets, fluctuations in oil revenues would be buffeted by movements in the country's real exchange rate, if it had its own currency. Using the dollar, however, would force these adjustments on the domestic economy—less output, more unemployment. Domestic economic contractions of this sort would be especially the case if Iraq's economy was not in the same phase of the business cycle as that of the country of currency origin. For example, a dramatic fall in oil prices would stimulate output and production in the United States perhaps to the point where monetary policy tightened to choke off excess demand. The subsequent increase in Iraqi interest rates would only accentuate the drop in aggregate demand in that country, thus compounding the severity of the oil price drop Warner (2003) sums up this aspect of possible dollarization in Iraq: The supply of dollars would be determined by the U.S., the interest rates would be determined by the U.S., and in effect Iraq's capacity to borrow would be determined by the U.S. It scarcely needs saying that what might be important to Iraq would not merit so much a mention at the monthly meetings of the Federal Reserve's Open Market Committee to determine monetary policy. The Cincinnati Cat Fish Company would get a better look than Iraq. Second, there would be no seignorage revenues—the difference between the cost of printing money and the non-inflationary value of goods and services the authorities could purchase with the newly issued money. This can be a fairly sizeable amount. Studies have shown that this is likely to be at least twice the country's pre-dollarization monetary base (Schmitt-Grohe and Uribe, 2000), or in Iraq's case millions and millions of dollars over time. However, under the circumstance the authorities might be able to negotiate a seignorage sharing agreement with the United States whereby the U.S. compensated Iraq for its lost income. Third, Iraq would lack the lender of last resort function—the ability of the central bank to discount commercial bank paper would be lost. In difficult times, commercial banks would not be able to build up their reserves by selling their assets at stable values to the central bank. Depending on its holdings of dollars/euros the fiscal authority (Ministry of Finance for example) might be able to perform the lender of last resort function, but this would not be assured. In short dollarization does not necessarily imply the loss of a lender of last resort, but simply the disappearance of one particular source of liquidity, namely central bank credit. In sum, dollarization (or eurozation) would have the chief advantage of providing a stable monetary environment for the country to recover. The system would place few demands on the country's monetary authorities, allowing the central bank breathing space to upgrade its staff to the point (in a decade or so) where more sophisticated monetary management would be feasible. There would be costs, perhaps the highest being the political/psychological one of appearing to be a colony of the United States. This alone might rule out dollarization. Currency Board: Under this system, Iraq would have its own "currency". But it would be constrained in managing that currency: (a) the dollar/"dinar" exchange rate would be fixed not just by policy, but by law; ( a reserve requirement stipulating that each dollar/euro's worth of domestic currency is backed by a dollar/euro's worth of foreign reserves; and © a self-correcting balance of payments mechanism, in which a payments deficit automatically contracts the money supply, resulting in a contraction of spending. Like dollarization, a currency board can help to create a credible policy environment by removing from the monetary authorities the option of printing money to finance government deficits. The first currency board was established by the British in Mauritius in 1849. The use of currency boards eventually spread to 70 British colonies. The purpose was to provide the colonies with a stable currency without the associated difficulty of issuing sterling notes and coins that were costly to replace if lost or destroyed. The colonies also benefited from this approach in that they could earn interest on the foreign currency assets being held in reserve. The use of currency boards peaked in the 1940s and declined thereafter. In the 1960s many newly independent African countries replaced their currency board with a central bank, and most other countries followed suit in the 1970s. There is certainly precedent for this type of system in Iraq and in fact historically Iraq has used a system similar to that adopted by many of the former British colonies. When Iraq was part of the Ottoman Empire, a number of European currencies circulated alongside the Turkish pound. With the establishment of the British mandate after World War I, Iraq was incorporated into the Indian monetary system, which was operated by the British, and the rupee became the principal currency in circulation. In 1931, the Iraq Currency Board was established in London for note issue and maintenance of reserves for the new Iraqi dinar. The currency board pursued a conservative monetary policy, maintaining very high reserves behind the dinar. The dinar was further strengthened by its link to the British pound. In 1947 the government-owned National Bank of Iraq was founded, and in 1949 the London-based currency board was abolished as the new bank assumed responsibility for the issuing of notes and the maintenance of reserves. The National Bank of Iraq continued the currency board's conservative monetary policy, maintaining 100 percent reserves behind outstanding domestic currency. In more recent times, another Gulf country, the UAE, had considerable success with a currency board. This board was established in 1973 mainly for issuing the national currency, the Dirham, and defending its parity (which was set at 0.186621 grams of gold, and in terms of U.S. dollars it was 3.94737 Dirhams for one U.S. dollar, with a margin of fluctuation of plus or minus one percent). Prior to the creation of the Currency Board, and from the time the Trucial States abandoned the Indian Gulf rupee in 1966, various regional currencies such as the Bahraini dinar and the Saiudi and Qatari/Dubai riyals had served as local currencies in one emirate or another. The board was given the authority not only to issue a common currency for the union, but also to exercise central banking functions over the commercial and banking sector (Khalifa, 1979, p. 63). As with the case of Iraq noted above the currency board was eventually fazed out for a more traditional central bank with the power to issue its own money, not necessarily backed up by foreign assets. The introduction of currency board-like arrangements in Hong Kong (1983), Argentina (1991), Estonia (1992), Lithuania (1994), Bulgaria (1997), Bosnia (1998), Ecuador (2000) and El Salvador (2001) constitutes their resurgence in recent years. Clearly, however, the Argentine experience has forced a closer examination of the usefulness of this system. However, Hanke (2003) has noted that the main problem in Argentina was that the system was a "currency board-like" system and not a true currency board. Currency boards are not a panacea, and while one could produce the stability required for Iraqi reconstruction it would unlikely succeed indefinitely without reforms to increase competitiveness. This was Argentina's downfall. Thus after an impressive start, the Argentine government failed to liberalize trade enough to sufficiently expand exports. They failed to change restrictive labor laws. They raised taxes above U.S. levels. The result was that Argentina was not enough of a contender to withstand external shocks, or count on future investor confidence (Schlaes, 2002). The main advantage of the Currency Board over the Currency Union is largely that of political/national pride. However, on the assumption that over time the country's economic institutions develop and mature, the currency board might be a good transition to a more flexible exchange rate system more under control of the Iraqi authorities. Also on the plus side, the time inconsistency problem noted above would be reduced, but now subject to the perceived probability that the Board might be abandoned. As with the Currency Union, real exchange rate volatility would be diminished. Monetary Union: A monetary union for Iraq would entail accepting a common currency issued by a common regional central bank. Presently, there are no current regional unions of this sort Iraq might join, although the GCC countries are in the process of forming a currency union—the completion date of which is tentatively set for 2010—too far in the future to be of assistance for the country's reconstruction. In any case, Iraq's membership in the GCC monetary union is quite problematical at this point. Iraq's population is considerably larger than that of any of the GCC countries, implying that that country might have considerable advantages in industrialization, thus being a threat to several existing GCC members, notably Saudi Arabia. The benefits of a monetary union are similar to the first two systems examined above. It would also reduce the time inconsistency problem by requiring multinational agreement on policy. Real exchange rate volatility would also probably be reduced. For both, however, the result would be less certain than in the case of dollarization or a classic currency board. It would have all of the disadvantages associated with both systems. Traditional Peg: This system would entail setting a fixed rate between the new Iraqi currency and either the dollar or the euro (or some index weighted by the two). The potential benefit is that the time inconsistency problem would be reduced through commitment to a verifiable target. The system is more flexible than the currency board in that a devaluation option would always be open, thus providing a potentially valuable policy tool in response to large shocks. The system would also reduce real exchange rate volatility. However, the ability to periodically change the exchange rate is also the system's most serious limitation, with the possibility of instability stemming from investor speculation over possible rate changes. In addition, because the system would relax the fiscal constraint on the government expenditures (the dinar would no longer have a one-to-one backing of dollar/euro reserves), inflationary pressures might develop. In turn, these could lead to the so-called Dutch Disease effect (Looney, 1989), characterized by an overvalued foreign exchange rate limiting the ability of the country to develop broad based diversification into export markets. Through cheapening imports, the exchange rate would also limit import substitution industrialization for the large domestic market. Finally, because of the increased uncertainty surrounding possible devaluations, the exchange rate would, from time-to-time become a target for speculative attacks, especially during periods of low reserves and or high external debt servicing commitments. In short the pegged rate would avoid real exchange rate volatility, but not necessarily persistent misalignments. The approach does not by itself place hard constraints on monetary and fiscal policy and thus provides only a partial solution against the time inconsistency problem. The credibility effects depend on accompanying institutional measures and the record of accomplishment. Here the authorities could gain considerable credence by introducing and successfully managing a oil revenue stabilization fund. Proper management of the fund would smooth out oil expenditures leading to reduced inflationary pressures and exchange rate issues: doubts about sustainability in the presence of full capital mobility. Conclusions The main considerations concerning possible monetary and exchange rate systems in Iraq are summarized in Figure 1. Considering the current disarray of the Iraqi economy, dollarization is likely to be the best system to initiate in the country. This system would provide stability while providing limited demands on the country's central bank and money managers. No doubt, the political sensitivities of a new Iraqi government will soon dictate the initiation of a new Iraqi currency. Here, the currency board option appears to be the best currency/exchange rate alternative. The system would provide the country with price stability. It would also be consistent with the economy's gradual liberalization and integration into the world economy. Most importantly, such a system would also restore foreign confidence in the country's ability to provide a stable environment for investment. However, a currency board would probably not be optimal in the longer-term. A country of Iraq's economic size will eventually grow to the point where a more flexible system would provide a better tool for macroeconomic management of the domestic economy. Still, the board would provide the Iraqi authorities with some breathing space until a new central bank had gathered the experience and expertise to introduce a more complex, flexible exchange rate system. At that point the country could move to a fixed exchange rate, linking the Iraqi dinar to the dollar/euro or some basket of the two. To avoid an overvaluation of the dinar and possible Dutch Disease effects (Ebrahim-Zadeh, 2003), the country should simultaneously have a fiscal policy built around an oil stabilization fund (Barnett and Ossowski, 2003). In turn, the fund would be designed to smooth out as much as feasible fluctuations in oil revenues. Over time, successful management of the fund could contribute to the stability of the exchange rate and thus the country's completion of the reconstruction and restructuring of its economy. For more insights into contemporary international security issues, see our Strategic Insights home page. To have a new edition of Strategic Insights delivered to your inbox each quarter, please e-mail ccc@nps.edu with "Subscribe" in your subject line. Subscriptions are free, and your address will be used for no other purpose. References "Iraq's Currency Hodgepodge: Officials to Begin Payments Using U.S. Dollars, but Everything Else in Circulation will be Accepted," Associated Press, (April 16, 2003). "Rebuilding Iraq" The Economist, April 17, 2003 "The Hard Path to New Nationhood," The Economist, April 17, 2003. Andrews, Edmund L. "Iraq to Run of Dollars Till It Gets New Currency," New York Times, (April 18, 2003). Barnett, Steven, and Rolando Ossowski, "What Goes Up…Why Oil Producing States Must Husband their Resources," Finance & Development, March 2003. Davis, Bob, Chip Cummins and Simeon Kerr, "Dollars Are Sent to Iraq to Replace Dinars: Stopgap Move is Intended for Emergency Payments in Effort to Quiet Unrest," Wall Street Journal,, April 16, 2003 Davis, Bob and Hugh Pope "Numbers Crunch: Once an Economic Dynamo, Iraq is Now Financial Riddle—To Rebuild Nation, U.S. First Must Find Reliable Data," Wall Street Journal, April 9, 2003. Duncan, Gary, "IMF Haze Obscures Iraq's Horizon," London Times, April 14, 2003 Ebrahim-zadej, Christine, "Dutch Disease: Too Much Wealth Managed Unwisely," Finance & Development, March 2003. Greimel, Hans, "Iraq's Dire Banking Blues: With the Country's Entire Financial System in Tatters, a New Central Bank is Seen as a Top Priority," Ottawa Citizen, (April 22, 2003). Hanke, Steve, "The Euro Could Help Iraq's Economic Recovery," Financial Times, April 16, 2003. Jbili, Abdelali and Vitali Kramarenko, "Should MENA Countries Float or Peg?" Finance & Development, (March 2003). Khalifa, Ali Mohammed, The United Arab Emirates: Unity in Fragmentation (Boulder Colorado: Westivew Press, 1970, p. 62. Morris, Harvey, "Currency Stabilization a Priority for Iraq," Financial Times, April 8, 2002. Looney, Robert E., "Oil Revenues and Viable Development: Impact of the Dutch Disease on Saudi Arabian Diversification Efforts," American-Arab Affairs (Winter 1988-89). Schmitt-Grohe, Stephanie and Martin Uribe, Stabilization Policy and the Costs of Dollarization, Departmental Working Papers series, Rutgers University Dept of Economics (May 31, 2000) Shlaes, Amity, "It is Dangerous to Elevate a Currency as a Political Emblem if the Need for Other Economic Reforms is Obscured," Jewish World Reviewm 2002. Stelzer, Irwin M. "Forgive Them His Debts: How Much of Saddam's Financial Baggage Should the Iraqi People Have to Carry?" The Weekly Standard, April 21, 2003. Vieth, Warren, "Teams Prepare to Jump-Start Iraq's Economy: The U.S. is Helping Lay the groundwork for a Wide Range of Monetary, Fiscal and Private Sector Reforms in the War-Ravaged Country," Los Angeles Times, April 12, 2003. Warner, Jeremy, "Iraq's Dollarization," The Independent (London), April 18, 2003.

The Committee reached a preliminary agreement to resolve the selection of candidates to fill the posts of defense and interior ministries. The powers that be are putting pressure on the GOI to get things done. I really don't the reason for the unexpected pressure but I can only thing of one thing the RV.

I don't think it's possible to educate lop gurus. Thats not my point. I was just passing some info. In my 1st post I didn't add any comments to this article. I post the link so you can see where I got acronym from and it is not a different economic issues. FYI you can make slang mean anything you want.

I'm just letting you lop gurus know the real meaning of " LOP "

http://www.umflint.edu/~mjperry/Money7a.htm LAW OF ONE PRICE (LOP): starting point for understanding ex-rates in the LR. Also called the "price equalization principle": for homogeneous, identical goods, the price of the commodity should be the same (equalize) throughout the world, especially when barriers to trade, transactions costs and transportation costs are low. Says that foreign prices (Pf ), domestic prices (Pd) and ex-rates (e) are linked through the Law of One Price which says: Pd ($) = e * Pf (£) , where e = $ / £. LOP says that similar products should sell for the same price in both countries, after converting the foreign price into dollars. Example: Price of gold in U.S. = $260 (Pd) , Price of gold in Canada = C$400 (Pf) and e = $0.65 / C$. LOP holds: $260 = ($.65/C$) x C$400, says that gold sells for the same price ($260/ounce) in both the U.S. and Canada, after converting the foreign price into $. The price of gold should equalize around the world and sell for about the same price everywhere: $260/ounce. What if somewhere in the world, P < $260/oz, what would happen? What if somewhere in the world, P > $260, what would happen? ARBITRAGE: Riskless profits from exploiting price discrepancies. Example: What if gold was cheaper in Canada than in US? In U.S., P=$260 and in Canada, P = $255? [Pd ($) > e * Pf (C$)] Two effects: 1) People would _________ gold in Canada, __________ gold in U.S. Price in Canada would __________ and price in U.S. would _____________. 2) People would first buy __________ to buy Canadian gold, and would also sell _________ to buy Canadian dollars. Can $ would ________, US $ would ________, ex-rate ($/C$) would ___________. Law of One Price would be restored, through an adjustment in gold prices here and in Canada, and through an adjustment in the ex-rate. Law of One Price holds most strongly for: homogeneous, traded goods like commodities such as: gold, silver, wheat, steel, copper, oil, aluminum, cotton, etc. and financial assets like Treasury securities, bank CDs, etc. In fact, most of the currency trading is for financial transactions, not commodities. Also Law of One Price assumes frictionless trading. If we introduce frictions like tariffs, taxes, transportation costs, commissions, shipping, insurance, etc., the Law of One Price may not always hold. Also, many goods and services may be non-tradeable items like haircuts and golf lessons. Law of One Price is a starting point for ex-rates, illustrates one aspect of how international trade affects ex-rates.

© 2011 International Monetary Fund March 2011 IMF Country Report No. 11/75 B. Monetary and Exchange Rate Policy 14. The authorities remain committed to ensuring the independence of the CBI. A ruling by Iraq’s Federal Supreme Court also noted that while the CBI is part of the country’s executive apparatus, it is by law independent in its decisions and operations. 15. The CBI will continue to aim at keeping inflation low, predominantly by maintaining a stable exchange rate. The low level and the relative stability of inflation do not suggest any significant over- or undervaluation of the Iraqi dinar. Also, a stable exchange rate continues to provide a solid anchor for the public’s expectations in an otherwise highly uncertain environment and in an economy with a very low level of financial intermediation. Meanwhile, the CBI will continue to keep its policy interest rate positive in real terms. To enhance mobilization of domestic financing, limitations on state-owned banks’ use of government deposits for investing in Treasury bills have been reduced, while the pension fund has also been allowed to invest in Treasury bills and to participate in auctions directly. http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2011/cr1175.pdf 24. Staff supports the CBI’s policy of managing the exchange rate of the Iraqi dinar to keep inflation low. A stable exchange rate continues to provide a solid anchor for the public’s expectations in an otherwise highly uncertain environment. Over time, rising oil revenues could put upward pressure on the real exchange rate, which would warrant allowing greater exchange rate flexibility. Staff also welcomes the authorities’ continued commitment to safeguard the independence of the CBI, which is critical for maintaining confidence in the Iraqi dinar. 25. The 2011 budget appropriately balances the need to accelerate Iraq’s reconstruction with the need to return to a sustainable fiscal position in the coming years. Much remains to be done to improve public service delivery and rebuild and expand essential infrastructure, including in the oil sector. The authorities, however, will also need to ensure the quality of the capital spending, and the investment review would help in this regard. The 2011 budget deficit can be financed and, with the projected increase in oil production, the budget is projected to gradually shift back to a surplus position—especially if oil prices remain around current levels—in the coming years. This will allow the authorities to rebuild financial buffers. In this regard, the authorities will need to start work on creating a sound institutional framework for managing Iraq’s sovereign wealth in the longer run.

Where is the link??

The lopsters / lop gurus must have the holiday off they haven't started posting yet.

It is amazing how these lop gurus respond so quick. They are on the payroll.

Why are you wasting your time on this site if you believe it will RD. 1993 Kuwait that's my example. I'm not here to prove anything to you. LOL I know what the out come will be REVALUATION. I have no clue when it will happen and I have no clue on the rate. I just know it will not stay at the current rate. You are just a lop guru. I going to order more dinars tomorrow. Just because somebody can spell don't mean they can predict the lop. Again what is a LOP?

FYI If I have my dinars already in warka account please tell me how a lop can effect my account?