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The effectiveness of monetary policy in Iraq Ahmed Hazal Ahmed Hazal * Monetary policy is one of the most important tools used by countries to deal with economic problems, whether at the level of growth, unemployment, poverty, inflation and monetary stability. There is no distinction between economic and monetary stability. Economic stability is linked to economic policy as a whole, This is different from the monetary stability, which aims to achieve balance in the exchange rate and safe levels of inflation rate and increase economic growth rates through monetary policy instruments, which naturally leads to economic stability if the response of the sectors The Central Bank of Iraq Law No. (56) of 2004 affirmed that one of the central objectives of the Central Bank is to achieve monetary stability. As a result of the non-response of the real sector to the variables of monetary policy, this reflects the structural imbalances in the Iraqi economy. After 2003, the Iraqi economy exercised the tools of transition to a market economy, which has certain principles and rules committed by countries. Monetary policy has used the most influential tools in the exchange rate, which is the currency's window in balancing demand and supply. This depends on oil revenues. Public finance relies on (89%) of public revenues as in the budget of 2019 and more in previous budgets. The oil sector accounts for more than (60%) of GDP, and notes the structural imbalances in public finances first, in the economic sectors Second. These imbalances result in instability at the economic and monetary level. Thus, money supply is an internal variable of fiscal policy (as we always confirm) as long as the Ministry of Finance is responsible for selling the dollar to the central bank. By reducing or increasing public spending, as well as that every rise in the budget deficit leads to an increase in money supply because public finances resort to the instrument of public debt (internal and external) to meet the needs of the budget, which leads to the occurrence of inflationary waves pushing monetary policy to fill them through Window Currency is the most influential instrument because of the low interest rate flexibility in the banking system as a result of the separation between the real and monetary sector. The monetary policy practiced the type of exchange rate nominally valid for monetary stability due to imbalances experienced by the economy. Statistical data issued by the Statistics and Research Department of the Central Bank show that the exchange rate for the years 2015-2018 reached a maximum of 1190 dinars (1180) dinars per dollar. As for the parallel market price, the maximum limit reached (1281) dinars per dollar, while the minimum reached (1215) dinars per dollar. The foreign exchange reserve is a cover for the local currency and this ensures its stability and achieves development if it remains within the normative limits. The data indicate that the reserves index is moving towards safety according to international standards and covers more than 6 months of imports in case of lack of oil revenues. Including the so-called double shock in 2014, namely, the sharp drop in oil prices on the one hand, and the military strike against the organization calling on the terrorist on the other. This necessitated the intervention of the Central Bank to achieve stability and to meet the funding needs to face the financial and military shock Indirectly through the marketing of public bonds. The reserves are not frozen, but are used in the management of currency and foreign cash investments, in addition to providing security for the national currency. If the demand for the dollar does not meet an equal offer, it means that it is one of the indicators of the collapse of the currency. Therefore, we note that the central bank is keen to cover domestic demand and demand for Import, and after 2015, I used a package of measures aimed at reducing the gap between my official and parallel prices. When the central bank sells the dollar, it aims to preserve the value of the currency, so it does not practice a commercial process as much as it activates its tools to achieve stability. The international standards stipulate that the difference between the official bank price and the parallel price (2%) should not be noticed. More than (8%) This is a serious indicator that threatened the value of the currency at the time, but now we note that the monetary policy was able to achieve convergence between the official and parallel exchange rates and a difference acceptable globally and according to the agreement signed by Iraq, which stipulates that the difference (2%), The official exchange rate for this year (1190) dinars per d This means the reduction of the gap to less than 2%. This also means the monetary authority's affirmation of the need to reduce the gap as a result of its commitment to the Central Bank's law to achieve stability first and to raise the value of the local currency. It is possible for the citizen to benefit when buying goods * Economic Researcher Views 43 Date Added 15/04/2019
