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CNN. Broadcasting While The UN Ref's Go Under The Hood To Review The Disputed Call ! The disputed areas of Iraq and Article 140 of the Constitution 9th October, 2017 In the years since the fall of the Baath regime in 2003, it has undoubtedly been one of the main axes of the conflict between the Iraqi political factions, with regard to Article 140 of the Iraqi Constitution and the subject of disputed areas. The disputed areas constitute about 7% of the territory of Iraq, which lies on the borders of the four provinces of Anbar, Salah al-Din, Kirkuk and Diyala, which are adjacent to three of the provinces that form the Kurdistan Regional Government (Sulaymaniyah, Erbil and Dohuk). In the context of the negotiations on the drafting of the Iraqi constitution in 2004 and 2005, the finalization of the issue of these areas was finalized in Article 140 of the Iraqi Constitution. The mystery of Article 140 of the Iraqi Constitution Article 140 is actually taken from Article 58 of the Interim Iraqi Constitution. This article was included in the Iraqi Constitution of the Interim Government as Article 58, and later included in the Permanent Constitution as Article 140, during Iraqi political developments after the fall of the Baath government, and in accordance with an agreement between local political forces, including Shiites and Kurds. Article 58 was drafted in three paragraphs of the Interim Iraqi Constitution to eliminate discrimination and persecution practiced by the Baathist regime. The first paragraph of this article states that the Transitional Government, through the Council for the Settlement of Civil Disputes, should act as soon as possible to alleviate the suffering and injustice exercised by the former party regime against the Shiites of Iraq and its Kurds. This article also provides for the return of property, the payment of compensation, the creation of employment opportunities and the right to freedom of expression of ethnic and racial identities of citizens. The second paragraph of Article 58 refers to the return of the administrative boundaries of the Iraqi provinces to the years preceding the emergence of the Baath regime in 1968. In the third paragraph, a final settlement of the disputed territories, including Kirkuk, will be carried out. Implementation of the second paragraph - until the above plans are completed and a clear statistical survey is carried out at the request of the residents of the governorate. Article 58 of the Interim Constitution was passed to article 140 after the drafting of the permanent Iraqi constitution. Article 140 of the Permanent Constitution of Iraq contains two main paragraphs. The first paragraph provides that the executive branch shall take the necessary measures to terminate the implementation of Article 58 of the Interim Constitution in all its provisions. The second paragraph states that the responsibility of the executive authority in the transitional government stipulated in Article 58 of the Iraqi Transitional Administration Law extends and continues to the executive authority elected under this constitution, to be completed in full (normalization, census and ending with a referendum in Kirkuk and regions) The other disputed to determine the will of its citizens) in a maximum period of thirty-first of December of the year two thousand and seven . Many Arab and Turkmen political leaders focus particularly on Article 140, claiming that Article 58 of Iraq's interim Iraqi constitution has been unfairly drafted. They therefore insist that this article is not implemented and call for its review. By contrast, Kurdish political leaders are particularly focused on the implementation of Article 140; Kurdish insistence on the implementation of the provisions of this article can be seen clearly in their meetings and positions. The Kurds' insistence on the return of 80,000 displaced Kurds from Kirkuk as a precondition for participation in the first parliamentary elections in federal Iraq in 2004 can be seen. In all the meetings between Kurdistan region leaders and heads of the central government, the issue of "implementing Article 140" . In general, Article 140 and related issues were the primary factor in the conflict between the KRG and the central government in Iraq. In addition, this article contributed to the emergence of controversial speeches and statements between the Kurdish, Arab and Turkmen nationalities on Kirkuk. Different claims related to ownership of Kirkuk and disputed areas The disputed areas start from the Sinjar heights in the far west of an area in northern Iraq, extending eastward to the southern parts of Diyala province. More specifically, the disputed areas of Khanaqin, located on the border between Diyala province and Iran bordered by Iran, begin from Kara to Tuz Khurmatu in the province of Salah al-Din. Along this distance, these areas will include the governorate of Kirkuk. The route extends from Kirkuk to the city of Makhmour and the Nineveh Plain and ends in the western region of Sinjar. The population living in this area, according to their population density, are as follows: Kurds, Arabs, Turkmen, Isidim, Assyrians, Chaldeans, Christians and Jews. There is no doubt that the most important issue in the dispute over the disputed areas is Kirkuk. Indeed, Kirkuk is the centerpiece of the crisis, while the rest of the areas in Article 140 of the Constitution are marginal. However, each ethnic group in Kirkuk has a different view of the ownership of Kirkuk and they consider the owners of this governorate to be the same. In general, there are diverse nationalities and ethnicities in the province of Kirkuk. The most important residential groups in Kirkuk are Kurds, Arabs, Turkmen, Chaldeans, Assyrians, Christians and Jews. From the point of view of most Turkmen political movements, despite the existence of different ethnic groups in Kirkuk, this province is the center of Turkmen presence. For example, Sobhi Saber, a representative of the Iraqi Turkmen Front in Kirkuk (2004), says: "The Turkmen migrated from Asia before 680 BC and settled in Kirkuk." On the other hand, the Kurds reject Turkmen statements and claim that they were residents of Kirkuk since ancient times, where they built villages and worked in their fields. From the point of view of the Kurds, the city was politically and administratively the capital of the "city of Zour", since the time of the Ottoman Empire to Kirkuk. They also claim that the Turkmen entered Kirkuk as soldiers and ancestors of the empire during the Ottoman Empire, a time when there were no borders. In addition to the Kurds, the Arabs claim that the Turkmens settled in Kirkuk during the Ottoman Empire. The Kurds were previously in Kirkuk (but not as much as they themselves claim). Like the Kurds, the Arabs and the Turkmen, we see Assyrian and Chaldean citizens in Kirkuk. They also claim that Kirkuk and Mosul were originally belonging to Assyria in antiquity before being inhabited by others. From their point of view, the Turkomans, the Kurds and the Arabs have all intervened and destroyed the Assyrian villages ... According to the Assyrian community, the Assyrians are the original inhabitants of Kirkuk, others have migrated to Kirkuk. In short, Kirkuk's claims of ethnic nationalism for Kirkuk make it difficult to understand the realities of the political situation in this province, as well as the limited social relations between these populations, because of the isolation of residential neighborhoods because of their silence in areas based on their national identity. Indeed, understanding the demands and will of each of these ethnic groups can be a special fact about Kirkuk. This means that with the survival of each of these nationalities within their national, social and mental boundaries in Kirkuk, one can understand their views on the ownership of Kirkuk.